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PARALLEL TEXTS
PATTO INTERNAZIONALE SUI DIRITTI CIVILI E POLITICI
Testi singoli tratti da: http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/a_ccpr.htm  e http://www.onuitalia.it/diritti/patti3.html

INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS

PATTO INTERNAZIONALE SUI DIRITTI CIVILI E POLITICI

The States Parties to the present Covenant,

Gli Stati parti del presente Patto,

Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,

Considerato che, in conformità ai principi enunciati nello Statuto delle Nazioni Unite, il riconoscimento della dignità inerente a tutti i membri della famiglia umana e dei loro diritti, uguali e inalienabili, costituisce il fondamento della libertà, della giustizia e della pace nel mondo;

Recognizing that, in accordance with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the ideal of free human beings enjoying civil and political freedom and freedom from fear and want can only be achieved if conditions are created whereby everyone may enjoy his civil and political rights, as well as his economic, social and cultural rights,

Riconosciuto che, in conformità alla Dichiarazione universale dei diritti dell'uomo, l'ideale dell'essere umano libero, che goda delle libertà civili e politiche e della libertà dal timore e dalla miseria, può essere conseguito soltanto se vengono create condizioni le quali permettano ad ognuno di godere dei propri diritti civili e politici, nonché dei propri diritti economici, sociali e culturali;

Considering the obligation of States under the Charter of the United Nations to promote universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and freedoms,

Considerato che lo Statuto delle Nazioni Unite impone agli Stati l'obbligo di promuovere il rispetto e l'osservanza universale dei diritti e delle libertà dell'uomo;

Realizing that the individual, having duties to other individuals and to the community to which he belongs, is under a responsibility to strive for the promotion and observance of the rights recognized in the present Covenant,

Considerato infine che l'individuo, in quanto ha dei doveri verso gli altri e verso la collettività alla quale appartiene, è tenuto a sforzarsi di promuovere e di rispettare i diritti riconosciuti nel presente Patto;

Agree upon the following articles:

Hanno convenuto quanto segue:

PART I

PARTE PRIMA

Article 1 General comment on its implementation

Articolo 1

1. All peoples have the right of self-determination. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development.

1. Tutti i popoli hanno il diritto di autodeterminazione. In virtù di questo diritto, essi decidono liberamente del loro statuto politico e perseguono liberamente il loro sviluppo economico, sociale e culturale.

2. All peoples may, for their own ends, freely dispose of their natural wealth and resources without prejudice to any obligations arising out of international economic co-operation, based upon the principle of mutual benefit, and international law. In no case may a people be deprived of its own means of subsistence.

2. Per raggiungere i loro fini, tutti i popoli possono disporre liberamente delle proprie ricchezze e delle proprie risorse naturali senza pregiudizio degli obblighi derivanti dalla cooperazione economica internazionale, fondata sul principio del mutuo interesse, e dal diritto internazionale In nessun caso un popolo può essere privato dei propri mezzi di sussistenza.

3. The States Parties to the present Covenant, including those having responsibility for the administration of Non-Self-Governing and Trust Territories, shall promote the realization of the right of self-determination, and shall respect that right, in conformity with the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations.

3. Gli Stati parti del presente Patto, ivi compresi quelli che sono responsabili dell'amministrazione di territori non autonomi e di territori in amministrazione fiduciaria, debbono promuovere l'attuazione del diritto di autodeterminazione dei popoli e rispettare tale diritto, in conformità alle disposizioni dello Statuto delle Nazioni Unite.

PART II

 PARTE SECONDA

Article 2

Articolo 2

1. Each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes to respect and to ensure to all individuals within its territory and subject to its jurisdiction the rights recognized in the present Covenant, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.

1. Ciascuno degli Stati parti del presente Patto si impegna a rispettare ed a garantire a tutti gli individui che si trovino sul suo territorio e siano sottoposti alla sua giurisdizione i diritti riconosciuti nel presente Patto, senza distinzione alcuna, sia essa fondata sulla razza, il colore, il sesso, la lingua, la religione, l'opinione politica o qualsiasi altra opinione, l'origine nazionale o sociale, la condizione economica, la nascita o qualsiasi altra condizione.

2. Where not already provided for by existing legislative or other measures, each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes to take the necessary steps, in accordance with its constitutional processes and with the provisions of the present Covenant, to adopt such laws or other measures as may be necessary to give effect to the rights recognized in the present Covenant.

2. Ciascuno degli Stati parti del presente Patto si impegna a compiere, in armonia con le proprie procedure costituzionali e con le disposizioni del presente Patto, i passi per l'adozione delle misure legislative o d'altro genere che possano occorrere per rendere effettivi i diritti riconosciuti nel presente Patto, qualora non vi provvedano già le misure, legislative e d'altro genere, in vigore.

3. Each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes:

3. Ciascuno degli Stati parti del presente Patto s'impegna a:

(a) To ensure that any person whose rights or freedoms as herein recognized are violated shall have an effective remedy, notwithstanding that the violation has been committed by persons acting in an official capacity;

a) Garantire che qualsiasi persona, i cui diritti o libertà riconosciuti dal presente Patto siano stati violati, disponga di effettivi mezzi di ricorso, anche nel caso in cui la violazione sia stata commessa da persone agenti nell'esercizio delle loro funzioni ufficiali;

(b) To ensure that any person claiming such a remedy shall have his right thereto determined by competent judicial, administrative or legislative authorities, or by any other competent authority provided for by the legal system of the State, and to develop the possibilities of judicial remedy;

b) Garantire che l'autorità competente, giudiziaria, amministrativa o legislativa, od ogni altra autorità competente ai sensi dell'ordinamento giuridico dello Stato, decida in merito ai diritti del ricorrente, e sviluppare le possibilità di ricorso in sede giudiziaria:

(c) To ensure that the competent authorities shall enforce such remedies when granted.

c) Garantire che le autorità competenti diano esecuzione a qualsiasi pronuncia di accoglimento di tali ricorsi.

Article 3

Articolo 3 

The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to ensure the equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of all civil and political rights set forth in the present Covenant. General comment on its implementation

Gli Stati parti del presente Patto s'impegnano a garantire agli uomini e alle donne la parità giuridica nel godimento di tutti i diritti civili e politici enunciati nel presente Patto.

Article 4

Articolo 4 

1 . In time of public emergency which threatens the life of the nation and the existence of which is officially proclaimed, the States Parties to the present Covenant may take measures derogating from their obligations under the present Covenant to the extent strictly required by the exigencies of the situation, provided that such measures are not inconsistent with their other obligations under international law and do not involve discrimination solely on the ground of race, colour, sex, language, religion or social origin.

1. In caso di pericolo pubblico eccezionale, che minacci l'esistenza della nazione e venga proclamato un atto ufficiale, gli Stati parti del presente Patto possono prendere misure le quali deroghino agli obblighi imposti dal presente Patto, nei limiti in cui la situazione strettamente lo esiga, e purché tali misure non siano incompatibili con gli altri obblighi imposti agli Stati medesimi dal diritto internazionale e non comportino una discriminazione fondata unicamente sulla razza, sul colore, sul sesso, sulla lingua, sulla religione o sull'origine sociale.

2. No derogation from articles 6, 7, 8 (paragraphs I and 2), 11, 15, 16 and 18 may be made under this provision.

2. La suddetta disposizione non autorizza alcuna deroga agli articoli 6, 7, 8 (paragrafi 1 e 2), 11, 15, 16 e 18.

3. Any State Party to the present Covenant availing itself of the right of derogation shall immediately inform the other States Parties to the present Covenant, through the intermediary of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, of the provisions from which it has derogated and of the reasons by which it was actuated. A further communication shall be made, through the same intermediary, on the date on which it terminates such derogation.General comment on its implementation

3. Ogni Stato parte del presente Patto che si avvalga del diritto di deroga deve informare immediatamente, tramite il Segretario generale delle Nazioni Unite, gli altri Stati parti del presente Patto sia delle disposizioni alle quali ha derogato sia dei motivi che hanno provocato la deroga. Una nuova comunicazione deve essere fatta, per lo stesso tramite, alla data in cui la deroga medesima viene fatta cessare.

Article 5

Articolo 5 

1. Nothing in the present Covenant may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms recognized herein or at their limitation to a greater extent than is provided for in the present Covenant.

1. Nessuna disposizione del presente Patto può essere interpretata nel senso di implicare un diritto di qualsiasi Stato, gruppo o individuo di intraprendere attività o di compiere atti miranti a sopprimere uno dei diritti o delle libertà riconosciuti nel presente Patto ovvero a limitarlo in misura maggiore di quanto è previsto dal Patto stesso.

2. There shall be no restriction upon or derogation from any of the fundamental human rights recognized or existing in any State Party to the present Covenant pursuant to law, conventions, regulations or custom on the pretext that the present Covenant does not recognize such rights or that it recognizes them to a lesser extent.

2.Nessuna restrizione o deroga a diritti fondamentali dell'uomo riconosciuti o vigenti in qualsiasi Stato parte del presente Patto in virtù di leggi, convenzioni, regolamenti o consuetudini, può essere ammessa col pretesto che il presente Patto non li riconosce o li riconosce in minor misura.

PART III

 PARTE TERZA

Article 6

Articolo 6

1. Every human being has the inherent right to life. This right shall be protected by law. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his life.

1. Il diritto alla vita è inerente alla persona umana. Questo diritto deve esser protetto dalla legge. Nessuno può essere arbitrariamente privato della vita.

2. In countries which have not abolished the death penalty, sentence of death may be imposed only for the most serious crimes in accordance with the law in force at the time of the commission of the crime and not contrary to the provisions of the present Covenant and to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. This penalty can only be carried out pursuant to a final judgement rendered by a competent court.

2. Nei paesi in cui la pena di morte non è stata abolita, una sentenza capitale può essere pronunciata soltanto per i delitti più gravi, in conformità alle leggi vigenti al momento in cui il delitto fu commesso e purché ciò non sia in contrasto né con le disposizioni del presente Patto né con la Convenzione per la prevenzione e la punizione del delitto di genocidio. Tale pena può essere eseguita soltanto in virtù di una sentenza definitiva, resa da un tribunale competente.

3. When deprivation of life constitutes the crime of genocide, it is understood that nothing in this article shall authorize any State Party to the present Covenant to derogate in any way from any obligation assumed under the provisions of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.

3. Quando la privazione della vita costituisce delitto di genocidio, resta inteso che nessuna disposizione di questo articolo autorizza uno Stato parte del presente Patto a derogare in alcun modo a qualsiasi obbligo assunto in base alle norme della Convenzione per la prevenzione e la punizione del delitto di genocidio.

4. Anyone sentenced to death shall have the right to seek pardon or commutation of the sentence. Amnesty, pardon or commutation of the sentence of death may be granted in all cases.

4. Ogni condannato a morte ha il diritto di chiedere la grazia o la commutazione della pena. L'amnistia, la grazia o la commutazione della pena di morte possono essere accordate in tutti i casi.

5. Sentence of death shall not be imposed for crimes committed by persons below eighteen years of age and shall not be carried out on pregnant women.

5. Una sentenza capitale non può essere pronunciata per delitti commessi dai minori di 18 anni e non può essere eseguita nei confronti di donne incinte.

6. Nothing in this article shall be invoked to delay or to prevent the abolition of capital punishment by any State Party to the present Covenant.

6. Nessuna disposizione di questo articolo può essere invocata per ritardare o impedire l'abolizione della pena di morte ad opera di uno Stato parte del presente Patto.

Article 7

Articolo 7 

No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. In particular, no one shall be subjected without his free consent to medical or scientific experimentation.

Nessuno può essere sottoposto alla tortura né a punizioni o trattamenti crudeli, disumani o degradanti, in particolare, nessuno può essere sottoposto, senza il suo libero consenso, ad un esperimento medico o scientifico.

Article 8

Articolo 8 

1. No one shall be held in slavery; slavery and the slave-trade in all their forms shall be prohibited.

1. Nessuno può esser tenuto in stato di schiavitù; la schiavitù e la tratta degli schiavi sono proibite sotto qualsiasi forma.

2. No one shall be held in servitude.

2. Nessuno può esser tenuto in stato di servitù.

3. (a) No one shall be required to perform forced or compulsory labour;

3. a) Nessuno può essere costretto a compiere un lavoro forzato od obbligatorio;

(b) Paragraph 3 (a) shall not be held to preclude, in countries where imprisonment with hard labour may be imposed as a punishment for a crime, the performance of hard labour in pursuance of a sentence to such punishment by a competent court;

b) La lettera a) del presente paragrafo non può essere interpretata nel senso di proibire, in quei paesi dove certi delitti possono essere puniti con la detenzione accompagnata dai lavori forzati, che sia scontata una pena ai lavori forzati, inflitta da un tribunale competente;

(c) For the purpose of this paragraph the term "forced or compulsory labour" shall not include:

c) L'espressione "lavoro forzato o obbligatorio", ai fini del presente paragrafo, non comprende:

(i) Any work or service, not referred to in subparagraph (b), normally required of a person who is under detention in consequence of a lawful order of a court, or of a person during conditional release from such detention;

i) qualsiasi lavoro o servizio, diverso da quello menzionato alla lettera b), normalmente imposto ad un individuo che sia detenuto in base a regolare decisione giudiziaria o che essendo stato oggetto di una tale decisione, sia in libertà condizionata;

(ii) Any service of a military character and, in countries where conscientious objection is recognized, any national service required by law of conscientious objectors;

ii) qualsiasi servizio di carattere militare e, in quei paesi ove è ammessa l'obbiezione di coscienza, qualsiasi servizio nazionale imposto per legge agli obiettori di coscienza;

(iii) Any service exacted in cases of emergency or calamity threatening the life or well-being of the community;

iii) qualsiasi servizio imposto in situazioni di emergenza o di calamità che minacciano la vita o il benessere della comunità;

(iv) Any work or service which forms part of normal civil obligations.

iv) qualsiasi lavoro o servizio che faccia parte dei normali obblighi civili.

Article 9

Articolo 9 

1. Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest or detention. No one shall be deprived of his liberty except on such grounds and in accordance with such procedure as are established by law.

1. Ogni individuo ha diritto alla libertà e alla sicurezza della propria persona. Nessuno può essere arbitrariamente arrestato o detenuto. Nessuno può esser privato della propria libertà, se non per i motivi e secondo la procedura previsti dalla legge.

2. Anyone who is arrested shall be informed, at the time of arrest, of the reasons for his arrest and shall be promptly informed of any charges against him.

2. Chiunque sia arrestato deve essere informato, al momento del suo arresto, dei motivi dell'arresto medesimo, e deve al più presto aver notizia di qualsiasi accusa mossa contro di lui.

3. Anyone arrested or detained on a criminal charge shall be brought promptly before a judge or other officer authorized by law to exercise judicial power and shall be entitled to trial within a reasonable time or to release. It shall not be the general rule that persons awaiting trial shall be detained in custody, but release may be subject to guarantees to appear for trial, at any other stage of the judicial proceedings, and, should occasion arise, for execution of the judgement.

3. Chiunque sia arrestato o detenuto in base ad un'accusa di carattere penale deve essere tradotto al più presto dinanzi a un giudice o ad altra autorità competente per legge ad esercitare funzioni giudiziarie, e ha diritto ad essere giudicato entro un termine ragionevole, o rilasciato. La detenzione delle persone in attesa di giudizio non deve costituire la regola, ma il loro rilascio può essere subordinato a garanzia che assicurino la comparizione dell'accusato sia ai fini del giudizio, in ogni altra fase del processo, sia eventualmente, ai fini della esecuzione della sentenza.

4. Anyone who is deprived of his liberty by arrest or detention shall be entitled to take proceedings before a court, in order that court may decide without delay on the lawfulness of his detention and order his release if the detention is not lawful.

4. Chiunque sia privato della propria libertà per arresto o detenzione ha diritto a ricorrere ad un tribunale, affinché questo possa decidere senza indugio sulla legalità della sua detenzione e, nel caso questa risulti illegale, possa ordinare il suo rilascio.

5. Anyone who has been the victim of unlawful arrest or detention shall have an enforceable right to compensation.

5. Chiunque sia stato vittima di arresto o detenzione illegali ha pieno diritto a un indennizzo.

Article 10

Articolo 10 

1. All persons deprived of their liberty shall be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person.

1. Qualsiasi individuo privato della propria libertà deve essere trattato con umanità e col rispetto della dignità inerente alla persona umana.

(a) Accused persons shall, save in exceptional circumstances, be segregated from convicted persons and shall be subject to separate treatment appropriate to their status as unconvicted persons;

2. a) Gli imputati, salvo circostanze eccezionali, devono essere separati dai condannati e sottoposti a un trattamento diverso, consono alla loro condizione di persone non condannate;

(b) Accused juvenile persons shall be separated from adults and brought as speedily as possible for adjudication.

b) gli imputati minorenni devono esser separati dagli adulti e il loro caso deve esser giudicato il più rapidamente possibile.

3. The penitentiary system shall comprise treatment of prisoners the essential aim of which shall be their reformation and social rehabilitation. Juvenile offenders shall be segregated from adults and be accorded treatment appropriate to their age and legal status.

3.Il regime penitenziario deve comportare un trattamento dei detenuti che abbia per fine essenziale il loro ravvedimento e la loro riabilitazione sociale. I rei minorenni devono essere separati dagli adulti e deve esser loro accordato un trattamento adatto alla loro età e al loro stato giuridico.

Article 11

Articolo 11 

No one shall be imprisoned merely on the ground of inability to fulfil a contractual obligation.

Nessuno può essere imprigionato per il solo motivo che non è in grado di adempiere a un obbligo contrattuale.

Article 12

Articolo 12 

1. Everyone lawfully within the territory of a State shall, within that territory, have the right to liberty of movement and freedom to choose his residence.

1. Ogni individuo che si trovi legalmente nel territorio di uno Stato ha diritto alla libertà di movimento e alla libertà di scelta della residenza in quel territorio.

2. Everyone shall be free to leave any country, including his own.

2. Ogni individuo è libero di lasciare qualsiasi paese, incluso il proprio.

3. The above-mentioned rights shall not be subject to any restrictions except those which are provided by law, are necessary to protect national security, public order (ordre public), public health or morals or the rights and freedoms of others, and are consistent with the other rights recognized in the present Covenant.

3. I suddetti diritti non possono essere sottoposti ad alcuna restrizione, tranne quelle che siano previste dalla legge, siano necessarie per proteggere la sicurezza nazionale, l'ordine pubblico, la sanità o la moralità pubbliche, ovvero gli altrui diritti e libertà, e siano compatibili con gli altri diritti riconosciuti dal presente Patto.

4. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of the right to enter his own country.

4. Nessuno può essere arbitrariamente privato del diritto di entrare nel proprio paese.

Article 13

Articolo 13 

An alien lawfully in the territory of a State Party to the present Covenant may be expelled therefrom only in pursuance of a decision reached in accordance with law and shall, except where compelling reasons of national security otherwise require, be allowed to submit the reasons against his expulsion and to have his case reviewed by, and be represented for the purpose before, the competent authority or a person or persons especially designated by the competent authority.

Uno straniero che si trovi legalmente nel territorio di uno Stato parte del presente Patto non può esserne espulso se non in base a una decisione presa in conformità della legge e, salvo che vi si oppongano imperiosi motivi di sicurezza nazionale, deve avere la possibilità di far valere le proprie ragioni contro la sua espulsione, di sottoporre il proprio caso all'esame dell'autorità competente, o di una o più persone specificamente designate da detta autorità, e di farsi rappresentare innanzi ad esse a tal fine.

Article 14

Articolo 14 

1. All persons shall be equal before the courts and tribunals. In the determination of any criminal charge against him, or of his rights and obligations in a suit at law, everyone shall be entitled to a fair and public hearing by a competent, independent and impartial tribunal established by law. The press and the public may be excluded from all or part of a trial for reasons of morals, public order (ordre public) or national security in a democratic society, or when the interest of the private lives of the parties so requires, or to the extent strictly necessary in the opinion of the court in special circumstances where publicity would prejudice the interests of justice; but any judgement rendered in a criminal case or in a suit at law shall be made public except where the interest of juvenile persons otherwise requires or the proceedings concern matrimonial disputes or the guardianship of children.

1. Tutti sono eguali dinanzi ai tribunali e alle corti di giustizia. Ogni individuo ha diritto ad un'equa e pubblica udienza dinanzi a un tribunale competente, indipendente e imparziale, stabilito dalla legge, allorché si tratta di determinare la fondatezza di un'accusa penale che gli venga rivolta, ovvero di accertare i suoi diritti ed obblighi mediante un giudizio civile. Il processo può svolgersi totalmente o parzialmente a porte chiuse, sia per motivi di moralità, di ordine pubblico o di sicurezza nazionale in una società democratica, sia quando lo esiga l'interesse della vita privata delle parti in causa, sia, nella misura ritenuta strettamente necessaria dal tribunale, quando per circostanze particolari la pubblicità nuocerebbe agli interessi della giustizia; tuttavia, qualsiasi sentenza pronunciata in un giudizio penale o civile dovrà essere resa pubblica, salvo che l'interesse di minori esiga il contrario, ovvero che il processo verta su controversie matrimoniali o sulla tutela dei figli.

2. Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall have the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law.

2. Ogni individuo accusato di un reato ha il diritto di essere presunto innocente sino a che la sua colpevolezza non sia stata provata legalmente.

3. In the determination of any criminal charge against him, everyone shall be entitled to the following minimum guarantees, in full equality:

3. Ogni individuo accusato di un reato ha diritto, in posizione di piena eguaglianza, come minimo, alle seguenti garanzie:

(a) To be informed promptly and in detail in a language which he understands of the nature and cause of the charge against him;

a) ad essere informato sollecitamente e in modo circostanziato, in una lingua a lui comprensibile, della natura e dei motivi dell'accusa a lui rivolta;

(b) To have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of his defence and to communicate with counsel of his own choosing;

b) a disporre del tempo e dei mezzi necessari alla preparazione della difesa ed a comunicare con un difensore di sua scelta;

(c) To be tried without undue delay;

c) ad essere giudicato senza ingiustificato ritardo;

(d) To be tried in his presence, and to defend himself in person or through legal assistance of his own choosing; to be informed, if he does not have legal assistance, of this right; and to have legal assistance assigned to him, in any case where the interests of justice so require, and without payment by him in any such case if he does not have sufficient means to pay for it;

d) ad essere presente al processo ed a difendersi personalmente o mediante un difensore di sua scelta; nel caso sia sprovvisto di un difensore, ad essere informato del suo diritto ad averne e, ogni qualvolta l'interesse della giustizia lo esiga, a vedersi assegnato un difensore d'ufficio, a titolo gratuito se egli non dispone di mezzi sufficienti per compensarlo;

(e) To examine, or have examined, the witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him;

e) a interrogare o far interrogare i testimoni a carico e ad ottenere la citazione e l'interrogatorio dei testimoni a discarico nelle stesse condizioni dei testimoni a carico;

(f) To have the free assistance of an interpreter if he cannot understand or speak the language used in court;

f) a farsi assistere gratuitamente da un interprete, nel caso egli non comprenda o non parli la lingua usata in udienza;

(g) Not to be compelled to testify against himself or to confess guilt.

g) a non essere costretto a deporre contro se stesso od a confessarsi colpevole.

4. In the case of juvenile persons, the procedure shall be such as will take account of their age and the desirability of promoting their rehabilitation.

4. La procedura applicabile ai minorenni dovrà tener conto della loro età e dell'interesse a promuovere la loro riabilitazione.

5. Everyone convicted of a crime shall have the right to his conviction and sentence being reviewed by a higher tribunal according to law.

5. Ogni individuo condannato per un reato ha diritto a che l'accertamento della sua colpevolezza e la condanna siano riesaminati da un tribunale di seconda istanza in conformità della legge.

6. When a person has by a final decision been convicted of a criminal offence and when subsequently his conviction has been reversed or he has been pardoned on the ground that a new or newly discovered fact shows conclusively that there has been a miscarriage of justice, the person who has suffered punishment as a result of such conviction shall be compensated according to law, unless it is proved that the non-disclosure of the unknown fact in time is wholly or partly attributable to him.

6. Quando un individuo è stato condannato con sentenza definitiva e successivamente tale condanna viene annullata, ovvero viene accordata la grazia, in quanto un fatto nuovo o scoperto dopo la condanna dimostra che era stato commesso un errore giudiziario, l'individuo che ha scontato una pena in virtù di detta condanna deve essere indennizzato, in conformità della legge, a meno che non venga provato che la mancata scoperta in tempo utile del fatto ignoto è a lui imputabile in tutto o in parte.

7. No one shall be liable to be tried or punished again for an offence for which he has already been finally convicted or acquitted in accordance with the law and penal procedure of each country.

7. Nessuno può essere sottoposto a nuovo giudizio o a nuova pena, per un reato per il quale sia stato già assolto o condannato con sentenza definitiva in conformità al diritto e alla procedura penale di ciascun paese.

Article 15

Articolo 15 

1 . No one shall be held guilty of any criminal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a criminal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time when the criminal offence was committed. If, subsequent to the commission of the offence, provision is made by law for the imposition of the lighter penalty, the offender shall benefit thereby.

1. Nessuno può essere condannato per azioni od omissioni che, al momento in cui venivano commesse, non costituivano reato secondo il diritto interno o il diritto internazionale. Così pure, non può essere inflitta una pena superiore a quella applicabile al momento in cui il reato sia stato commesso. Se, posteriormente alla commissione del reato, la legge prevede l'applicazione di una pena più lieve, il colpevole deve beneficiarne.

2. Nothing in this article shall prejudice the trial and punishment of any person for any act or omission which, at the time when it was committed, was criminal according to the general principles of law recognized by the community of nations.

2. Nulla, nel presente articolo, preclude il deferimento a giudizio e la condanna di qualsiasi individuo per atti od omissioni che, al momento in cui furono commessi, costituivano reati secondo i principi generali del diritto riconosciuti dalla comunità delle nazioni.

Article 16

Articolo 16 

Everyone shall have the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.

Ogni individuo ha diritto al riconoscimento in qualsiasi luogo della sua personalità giuridica.

Article 17

Articolo 17 

1. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks on his honour and reputation.

2. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.

1. Nessuno può essere sottoposto ad interferenze arbitrarie o illegittime nella sua vita privata, nella sua famiglia, nella sua casa o nella sua corrispondenza, né a illegittime offese al suo onore e alla sua reputazione. 2. Ogni individuo ha diritto ad essere tutelato dalla legge contro tali interferenze od offese.

Article 18

Articolo 18 

1. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. This right shall include freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice, and freedom, either individually or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in worship, observance, practice and teaching.

1. Ogni individuo ha diritto alla libertà di pensiero, di coscienza e di religione. Tale diritto include la libertà di avere o di adottare una religione o un credo di sua scelta, nonché la libertà di manifestare, individualmente o in comune con altri, e sia in pubblico sia in privato, la propria religione o il proprio credo nel culto e nell'osservanza dei riti, nelle pratiche e nell'insegnamento.

2. No one shall be subject to coercion which would impair his freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice.

2. Nessuno può essere assoggettato a costrizioni che possano menomare la sua libertà di avere o adottare una religione o un credo di sua scelta.

3. Freedom to manifest one's religion or beliefs may be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary to protect public safety, order, health, or morals or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others.

3. La libertà di manifestare la propria religione o il proprio credo può essere sottoposta unicamente alle restrizioni previste dalla legge e che siano necessarie per la tutela della sicurezza pubblica, dell'ordine pubblico e della sanità pubblica, della morale pubblica o degli altrui diritti e libertà fondamentali.

4. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to have respect for the liberty of parents and, when applicable, legal guardians to ensure the religious and moral education of their children in conformity with their own convictions.

4. Gli Stati parti del presente Patto si impegnano a rispettare la libertà dei genitori e, ove del caso, dei tutori legali di curare l'educazione religiosa e morale dei figli in conformità alle proprie convinzioni.

Article 19

Articolo 19 

1. Everyone shall have the right to hold opinions without interference.

1. Ogni individuo ha diritto a non essere molestato per le proprie opinioni.

2. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice.

2. Ogni individuo ha il diritto alla libertà di espressione; tale diritto comprende la libertà di cercare, ricevere e diffondere informazioni e idee di ogni genere, senza riguardo a frontiere, oralmente, per iscritto, attraverso la stampa, in forma artistica o attraverso qualsiasi altro mezzo di sua scelta.

3. The exercise of the rights provided for in paragraph 2 of this article carries with it special duties and responsibilities. It may therefore be subject to certain restrictions, but these shall only be such as are provided by law and are necessary:

3. L'esercizio delle libertà previste al paragrafo 2 del presente articolo comporta doveri e responsabilità speciali. Esso può essere pertanto sottoposto a talune restrizioni che però devono essere espressamente stabilite dalla legge ed essere necessarie:

(a) For respect of the rights or reputations of others;

a) al rispetto dei diritti o della reputazione altrui;

(b) For the protection of national security or of public order (ordre public), or of public health or morals.

b) alla salvaguardia della sicurezza nazionale, dell'ordine pubblico, della sanità o della morale pubbliche.

Article 20 General comment on its implementation

Articolo 20 

1. Any propaganda for war shall be prohibited by law.

1. Qualsiasi propaganda a favore della guerra deve esser vietata dalla legge.

2. Any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence shall be prohibited by law.

2. Qualsiasi appello all'odio nazionale, razziale o religioso che costituisca incitamento alla discriminazione, all'ostilità o alla violenza deve essere vietato dalla legge.

Article 21

Articolo 21 

The right of peaceful assembly shall be recognized. No restrictions may be placed on the exercise of this right other than those imposed in conformity with the law and which are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or public safety, public order (ordre public), the protection of public health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.

E riconosciuto il diritto di riunione pacifica. L'esercizio di tale diritto non può formare oggetto di restrizioni tranne quelle imposte in conformità alla legge e che siano necessarie in una società democratica, nell'interesse della sicurezza nazionale, della sicurezza pubblica, dell'ordine pubblico o per tutelare la sanità e la morale pubbliche. o gli altrui diritti e libertà.

Article 22

Articolo 22 

1. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of association with others, including the right to form and join trade unions for the protection of his interests.

1. Ogni individuo ha diritto alla libertà di associazione. che include il diritto di costituire dei sindacati e di aderirvi per la tutela dei propri interessi.

2. No restrictions may be placed on the exercise of this right other than those which are prescribed by law and which are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or public safety, public order (ordre public), the protection of public health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. This article shall not prevent the imposition of lawful restrictions on members of the armed forces and of the police in their exercise of this right.

2. L'esercizio di tale diritto non può formare oggetto di restrizioni, tranne quelle stabilite dalla legge e che siano necessarie in una società democratica, nell'interesse della sicurezza nazionale, della sicurezza pubblica, dell'ordine pubblico, o per tutelare la sanità e la morale pubbliche o gli altrui diritti e libertà. Il presente articolo non impedisce di imporre restrizioni legali all'esercizio di tale diritto da parte dei membri delle forze armate e della polizia.

3. Nothing in this article shall authorize States Parties to the International Labour Organisation Convention of 1948 concerning Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize to take legislative measures which would prejudice, or to apply the law in such a manner as to prejudice, the guarantees provided for in that Convention.

3. Nessuna disposizione del presente articolo autorizza gli Stati parti della Convenzione del 1948 dell'Organizzazione Internazionale del Lavoro, concernente la libertà sindacale e la tutela del diritto sindacale a adottare misure legislative che portino pregiudizio alle garanzie previste dalla menzionata Convenzione, o ad applicare le loro leggi in modo da causare tale pregiudizio.

Article 23

Articolo 23 

1. The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State.

1. La famiglia è il nucleo naturale e fondamentale della società e ha diritto ad essere protetta dalla società e dallo Stato.

2. The right of men and women of marriageable age to marry and to found a family shall be recognized.

2. Il diritto di sposarsi e di fondare una famiglia è riconosciuto agli uomini e alle donne che abbiano l'età per contrarre matrimonio.

3. No marriage shall be entered into without the free and full consent of the intending spouses.

3. Il matrimonio non può essere celebrato senza il libero e pieno consenso dei futuri coniugi.

4. States Parties to the present Covenant shall take appropriate steps to ensure equality of rights and responsibilities of spouses as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution. In the case of dissolution, provision shall be made for the necessary protection of any children.

4. Gli Stati parti del presente Patto devono prendere misure idonee a garantire la parità di diritti e di responsabilità dei coniugi riguardo al matrimonio, durante il matrimonio e al momento del suo scioglimento In caso di scioglimento, deve essere assicurata ai figli la protezione necessaria.

Article 24

Articolo 24 

1. Every child shall have, without any discrimination as to race, colour, sex, language, religion, national or social origin, property or birth, the right to such measures of protection as are required by his status as a minor, on the part of his family, society and the State.

1. Ogni fanciullo, senza discriminazione alcuna fondata sulla razza, il colore, il sesso, la lingua, la religione, l'origine nazionale o sociale, la condizione economica o la nascita, ha diritto a quelle misure protettive che richiede il suo stato minorile, da parte della sua famiglia, della società e dello Stato.

2. Every child shall be registered immediately after birth and shall have a name.

2. Ogni fanciullo deve essere registrato subito dopo la nascita ed avere un nome.

3. Every child has the right to acquire a nationality.

3. Ogni fanciullo ha diritto ad acquistare una cittadinanza.

Article 25

Articolo 25 

Every citizen shall have the right and the opportunity, without any of the distinctions mentioned in article 2 and without unreasonable restrictions:

Ogni cittadino ha il diritto, e deve avere la possibilità, senza alcuna delle discriminazioni menzionate all'articolo 2 e senza restrizioni irragionevoli:

(a) To take part in the conduct of public affairs, directly or through freely chosen representatives;

a) di partecipare alla direzione degli affari pubblici, personalmente o attraverso rappresentanti liberamente scelti;

(b) To vote and to be elected at genuine periodic elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret ballot, guaranteeing the free expression of the will of the electors;

b) di votare e di essere eletto, nel corso di elezioni veritiere, periodiche, effettuate a suffragio universale ed eguale, ed a voto segreto, che garantiscano la libera espressione della volontà degli elettori;

(c) To have access, on general terms of equality, to public service in his country.

c) di accedere, in condizioni generale di eguaglianza, ai pubblici impieghi del proprio paese.

Article 26

Articolo 26 

All persons are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to the equal protection of the law. In this respect, the law shall prohibit any discrimination and guarantee to all persons equal and effective protection against discrimination on any ground such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.

Tutti gli individui sono eguali dinanzi alla legge e hanno diritto, senza alcuna discriminazione, ad una eguale tutela da parte della legge. A questo riguardo, la legge deve proibire qualsiasi discriminazione e garantire a tutti gli individui una tutela eguale ed effettiva contro ogni discriminazione, sia essa fondata sulla razza, il colore, il sesso, la lingua, la religione, l'opinione politica o qualsiasi altra opinione, l'origine nazionale o sociale, la condizione economica, la nascita o qualsiasi altra condizione.

Article 27

Articolo 27 

In those States in which ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities exist, persons belonging to such minorities shall not be denied the right, in community with the other members of their group, to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practise their own religion, or to use their own language.

In quegli Stati, nei quali esistono minoranze etniche, religiose, o linguistiche, gli individui appartenenti a tali minoranze non possono essere privati del diritto di avere una vita culturale propria, di professare e praticare la propria religione, o di usare la propria lingua, in comune con gli altri membri del proprio gruppo.

PART IV

 PARTE QUARTA

Article 28

Articolo 28

1. There shall be established a Human Rights Committee (hereafter referred to in the present Covenant as the Committee). It shall consist of eighteen members and shall carry out the functions hereinafter provided.

1. E istituito un Comitato dei diritti dell'uomo (indicato di qui innanzi, nel presente Patto, come "il Comitato". Esso si compone di diciotto membri ed esercita le funzioni qui appresso previste.

2. The Committee shall be composed of nationals of the States Parties to the present Covenant who shall be persons of high moral character and recognized competence in the field of human rights, consideration being given to the usefulness of the participation of some persons having legal experience.

2. IlComitato si compone di cittadini degli Stati parti del presente Patto, i quali debbono essere persone di alta levatura morale e di riconosciuta competenza nel campo dei diritti dell'uomo Sarà tenuto conto dell'opportunità che facciano parte del Comitato alcune persone aventi esperienza giuridica.

3. The members of the Committee shall be elected and shall serve in their personal capacity.

3. I membri del Comitato sono eletti e ricoprono la loro carica a titolo individuale.

Article 29

Articolo 29 

1 . The members of the Committee shall be elected by secret ballot from a list of persons possessing the qualifications prescribed in article 28 and nominated for the purpose by the States Parties to the present Covenant.

1. I membri del Comitato sono eletti a scrutinio segreto fra una lista di persone che posseggono le qualità stabilite all'articolo 28, e che siano state designate a tal fine dagli Stati parti del presente Patto.

2. Each State Party to the present Covenant may nominate not more than two persons. These persons shall be nationals of the nominating State.

2. Ogni Stato parte del presente Patto può designare non più di due persone. Queste persone devono essere cittadini dello Stato che le designa.

3. A person shall be eligible for renomination.

3. La stessa persona può essere designata più di una volta.

Article 30

Articolo 30 

1. The initial election shall be held no later than six months after the date of the entry into force of the present Covenant.

1. La prima elezione si svolgerà entro sei mesi a partire dalla data di entrata in vigore del presente Patto.

2. At least four months before the date of each election to the Committee, other than an election to fill a vacancy declared in accordance with article 34, the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall address a written invitation to the States Parties to the present Covenant to submit their nominations for membership of the Committee within three months.

2. Almeno quattro mesi prima della data di ciascuna elezione al Comitato, salvo che si tratti di elezione per colmare una vacanza dichiarata in conformità all'articolo 34, il Segretario generale delle Nazioni Unite invita per iscritto gli Stati parti del presente Patto a designare, nel termine di tre mesi, i candidati da essi proposti come membri del Comitato.

3. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall prepare a list in alphabetical order of all the persons thus nominated, with an indication of the States Parties which have nominated them, and shall submit it to the States Parties to the present Covenant no later than one month before the date of each election.

3. Il Segretario Generale delle Nazioni Unite compila una lista in ordine alfabetico di tutte le persone così designate, facendo menzione degli Stati parti che le hanno designate, e la comunica agli Stati parti del presente Patto almeno un mese prima della data di ogni elezione.

4. Elections of the members of the Committee shall be held at a meeting of the States Parties to the present Covenant convened by the Secretary General of the United Nations at the Headquarters of the United Nations. At that meeting, for which two thirds of the States Parties to the present Covenant shall constitute a quorum, the persons elected to the Committee shall be those nominees who obtain the largest number of votes and an absolute majority of the votes of the representatives of States Parties present and voting.

4. L'elezione dei membri del Comitato ha luogo nel corso di una riunione degli Stati parti del presente Patto convocata dal Segretario generale delle Nazioni Unite presso la sede dell'Organizzazione In tale riunione, per la quale il quorum è costituito dai due terzi degli Stati parti del presente Patto, sono eletti membri del Comitato i candidati che ottengono il maggior numero di voti e la maggioranza assoluta dei voti dei rappresentanti degli Stati parti presenti e votanti.

Article 31

Articolo 31 

1. The Committee may not include more than one national of the same State.

1. Il Comitato non può comprendere più di un cittadino dello stesso Stato.

2. In the election of the Committee, consideration shall be given to equitable geographical distribution of membership and to the representation of the different forms of civilization and of the principal legal systems.

2. Nell'elezione del Comitato, deve tenersi conto di un equa ripartizione geografica dei seggi, e della rappresentanza sia delle diverse forme di civiltà sia dei principali sistemi giuridici.

Article 32

Articolo 32 

1. The members of the Committee shall be elected for a term of four years. They shall be eligible for re-election if renominated. However, the terms of nine of the members elected at the first election shall expire at the end of two years; immediately after the first election, the names of these nine members shall be chosen by lot by the Chairman of the meeting referred to in article 30, paragraph 4.

1. I membri del Comitato sono eletti per un periodo di quattro anni Sc vengono nuovamente designati sono rieleggibili Tuttavia, il mandato di nove membri eletti alla prima elezione scadrà al termine di due anni; subito dopo la prima elezione, i nomi di questi nove membri saranno tirati a sorte dal Presidente della riunione di cui al paragrafo 4 dell'articolo 30.

2. Elections at the expiry of office shall be held in accordance with the preceding articles of this part of the present Covenant.

2. Allo scadere del mandato, le elezioni si svolgono in conformità alle disposizioni degli articoli precedenti di questa parte del Patto.

Article 33

Articolo 33 

1. If, in the unanimous opinion of the other members, a member of the Committee has ceased to carry out his functions for any cause other than absence of a temporary character, the Chairman of the Committee shall notify the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall then declare the seat of that member to be vacant.

1. Se, a giudizio unanime degli altri membri, un membro del Comitato abbia cessato di esercitare le sue funzioni per qualsiasi causa diversa da un'assenza di carattere temporaneo, il Presidente del Comitato ne informa il Segretario generale delle Nazioni Unite. il quale dichiara vacante il seggio occupato da detto membro.

2. In the event of the death or the resignation of a member of the Committee, the Chairman shall immediately notify the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall declare the seat vacant from the date of death or the date on which the resignation takes effect.

2. In caso di morte o di dimissione di un membro del Comitato, il Presidente ne informa immediatamente il Segretario generale delle Nazioni Unite, il quale dichiara vacante il seggio a partire dalla data della morte o dalla data in cui avranno effetto le dimissioni.

Article 34

Articolo 34 

1. When a vacancy is declared in accordance with article 33 and if the term of office of the member to be replaced does not expire within six months of the declaration of the vacancy, the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall notify each of the States Parties to the present Covenant, which may within two months submit nominations in accordance with article 29 for the purpose of filling the vacancy.

1. Quando una vacanza viene dichiarata in conformità; all' arti colo 33, e se il mandato del membro da sostituire non deve aver fine entro i sei mesi successivi alla dichiarazione di vacanza, il Segretario generale delle Nazioni Unite ne avverte gli Stati parti del presente Patto, i quali possono entro due mesi designare dei candidati, in conformità all'articolo 29, per ricoprire il seggio vacante.

2. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall prepare a list in alphabetical order of the persons thus nominated and shall submit it to the States Parties to the present Covenant. The election to fill the vacancy shall then take place in accordance with the relevant provisions of this part of the present Covenant.

2. Il Segretario generale delle Nazioni Unite compila una lista in ordine alfabetico delle persone così designate e la comunica agli Stati parti del presente Patto. L'elezione per ricoprire il seggio vacante si svolge quindi in conformità alle disposizioni pertinenti della presente parte del Patto.

3. A member of the Committee elected to fill a vacancy declared in accordance with article 33 shall hold office for the remainder of the term of the member who vacated the seat on the Committee under the provisions of that article.

3. Un membro del Comitato eletto ad un seggio dichiarato vacante in conformità all'articolo 33 rimane in carica tino alla scadenza del mandato del membro, il cui seggio nel Comitato sia divenuto vacante ai sensi del predetto articolo.

Article 35

Articolo 35 

The members of the Committee shall, with the approval of the General Assembly of the United Nations, receive emoluments from United Nations resources on such terms and conditions as the General Assembly may decide, having regard to the importance of the Committee's responsibilities.

I membri del Comitato ricevono, con l'approvazione dell'Assemblea generale delle Nazioni Unite, degli emolumenti prelevati sui fondi della Organizzazione, alle condizioni stabilite dall'Assemblea generale, avuto riguardo all'importanza delle funzioni del Comitato.

Article 36

Articolo 36 

The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall provide the necessary staff and facilities for the effective performance of the functions of the Committee under the present Covenant.

Il Segretario generale delle Nazioni Unite mette a disposizione del comitato il personale e i mezzi materiali necessari perché esso possa svolgere efficacemente le funzioni previste dal presente Patto.

Article 37

Articolo 37 

1. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall convene the initial meeting of the Committee at the Headquarters of the United Nations.

1. Il Segretario generale delle Nazioni Unite convocherà la prima riunione del Comitato nella sede dell'Organizzazione.

2. After its initial meeting, the Committee shall meet at such times as shall be provided in its rules of procedure.

2. Dopo la sua prima riunione, il Comitato si riunisce alle scadenze previste dal proprio regolamento interno.

3. The Committee shall normally meet at the Headquarters of the United Nations or at the United Nations Office at Geneva.

3. Le riunioni del Comitato si tengono normalmente nella Sede delle nazioni Unite ovvero nell'Ufficio delle Nazioni Unite a Ginevra.

Article 38

Articolo 38 

Every member of the Committee shall, before taking up his duties, make a solemn declaration in open committee that he will perform his functions impartially and conscientiously.

Ogni membro del Comitato, prima di assumere la carica, deve fare in udienza pubblica dichiarazione solenne che egli eserciterà le sue funzioni in modo imparziale e coscienzioso.

Article 39

Articolo 39 

1. The Committee shall elect its officers for a term of two years. They may be re-elected.

1. Il Comitato elegge il proprio ufficio di presidenza per un periodo di due anni. I componenti di tale ufficio sono rieleggibili.

2. The Committee shall establish its own rules of procedure, but these rules shall provide, inter alia, that:

2. Il Comitato stabilisce il proprio regolamento interno; questo deve tuttavia contenere, tra l'altro, le disposizioni seguenti:

(a) Twelve members shall constitute a quorum;

a) Il quorum è di dodici membri;

(b) Decisions of the Committee shall be made by a majority vote of the members present.

b) Le decisioni del Comitato sono prese a maggioranza dei membri presenti.

Article 40

Articolo 40 

1. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to submit reports on the measures they have adopted which give effect to the rights recognized herein and on the progress made in the enjoyment of those rights:

1. Gli Stati parti del presente Patto si impegnano a presentare rapporti sulle misure che essi avranno adottate per dare attuazione ai diritti riconosciuti nel presente Patto, nonché sui progressi compiuti nel godimento di tali diritti:

(a) Within one year of the entry into force of the present Covenant for the States Parties concerned;

a) entro un anno dall'entrata in vigore del presente Patto rispetto a ciascuno degli Stati parti;

(b) Thereafter whenever the Committee so requests.

b) Successivamente, ogni volta che il Comitato ne farà richiesta.

2. All reports shall be submitted to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall transmit them to the Committee for consideration. Reports shall indicate the factors and difficulties, if any, affecting the implementation of the present Covenant.

2. Tutti i rapporti sono indirizzati al Segretario generale delle Nazioni Unite, che li trasmette per esame al Comitato I rapporti indicano, ove del caso, i fattori e le difficoltà che influiscano sull'applicazione del presente Patto.

3. The Secretary-General of the United Nations may, after consultation with the Committee, transmit to the specialized agencies concerned copies of such parts of the reports as may fall within their field of competence.

3. Il Segretario generale delle Nazioni Unite, previa consultazione col Comitato, può trasmettere agli istituti specializzati interessati copia di quel le parti dei rapporti che possono riguardare i campi di loro competenza.

4. The Committee shall study the reports submitted by the States Parties to the present Covenant. It shall transmit its reports, and such general comments as it may consider appropriate, to the States Parties. The Committee may also transmit to the Economic and Social Council these comments along with the copies of the reports it has received from States Parties to the present Covenant.

4. Il Comitato studia i rapporti presentati dagli Stati parti del presente Patto. Esso trasmette agli Stati parti i propri rapporti e le osservazioni generali che ritenga opportune. Il Comitato può anche trasmettere al Consiglio economico e sociale tali osservazioni, accompagnate da copie dei rapporti ricevuti dagli Stati parti del presente Patto.

5. The States Parties to the present Covenant may submit to the Committee observations on any comments that may be made in accordance with paragraph 4 of this article.

5. Gli Stati parti del presente Patto possono presentare al Comitato i propri rilievi circa qualsiasi osservazione fatta ai sensi del paragrafo 4 del presente articolo.

Article 41

Articolo 41 

1. A State Party to the present Covenant may at any time declare under this article that it recognizes the competence of the Committee to receive and consider communications to the effect that a State Party claims that another State Party is not fulfilling its obligations under the present Covenant. Communications under this article may be received and considered only if submitted by a State Party which has made a declaration recognizing in regard to itself the competence of the Committee. No communication shall be received by the Committee if it concerns a State Party which has not made such a declaration. Communications received under this article shall be dealt with in accordance with the following procedure:

1. Ogni Stato parte del presente Patto può dichiarare in qualsiasi momento, in base al presente articolo, di riconoscere la competenza del Comitato a ricevere ed esaminare comunicazioni, nelle quali uno Stato parte pretenda che un altro Stato parte non adempie agli obblighi derivanti dal presente Patto. Le comunicazioni di cui al presente articolo possono essere ricevute ed esaminate soltanto se provenienti da uno Stato parte che abbia dichiarato di riconoscere, per quanto lo concerne, la competenza del Comitato. Il Comitato non può ricevere nessuna comunicazione riguardante uno Stato parte che non abbia tatto tale dichiarazione. Alle comunicazioni ricevute in conformità al presente articolo si applica la procedura seguente:

(a) If a State Party to the present Covenant considers that another State Party is not giving effect to the provisions of the present Covenant, it may, by written communication, bring the matter to the attention of that State Party. Within three months after the receipt of the communication the receiving State shall afford the State which sent the communication an explanation, or any other statement in writing clarifying the matter which should include, to the extent possible and pertinent, reference to domestic procedures and remedies taken, pending, or available in the matter;

a) Se uno Stato parte del presente Patto ritiene che un altro Stato parte non applica le disposizioni del presente Patto, esso può richiamare sulla questione, mediante comunicazione scritta, l'attenzione di tale Stato. Entro tre mesi dalla data di ricezione della comunicazione, lo Stato destinatario fa pervenire allo Stato che gli ha inviato la comunicazione delle spiegazioni o altre dichiarazioni scritte intese a chiarire la questione, che dovrebbero includere, purché ciò sia possibile e pertinente, riferimenti alle procedure e ai ricorsi interni già utilizzati, o tuttora pendenti, ovvero ancora esperibili;

(b) If the matter is not adjusted to the satisfaction of both States Parties concerned within six months after the receipt by the receiving State of the initial communication, either State shall have the right to refer the matter to the Committee, by notice given to the Committee and to the other State;

b) Se, nel termine di sei mesi dalla data di ricezione della comunicazione iniziale da parte dello Stato destinatario, la questione non è stata risolta con soddisfazione di entrambi gli Stati parti interessati, tanto l'uno che l'altro hanno il diritto di deferirla al Comitato, mediante notifica fatta sia al Comitato sia all'altro interessato.

(c) The Committee shall deal with a matter referred to it only after it has ascertained that all available domestic remedies have been invoked and exhausted in the matter, in conformity with the generally recognized principles of international law. This shall not be the rule where the application of the remedies is unreasonably prolonged;

c) Il Comitato può entrare nel merito di una questione ad esso deferita soltanto dopo avere accertato che tutti i ricorsi interni disponibili siano stati esperiti ed esauriti in conformità ai principi di diritto internazionale generalmente riconosciuti. Questa norma non si applica se la trattazione dei ricorsi subisce ingiustificati ritardi.

(d) The Committee shall hold closed meetings when examining communications under this article;

d) Quando esamina le comunicazioni previste dal presente articolo il Comitato tiene seduta a porte chiuse.

(e) Subject to the provisions of subparagraph (c), the Committee shall make available its good offices to the States Parties concerned with a view to a friendly solution of the matter on the basis of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms as recognized in the present Covenant;

e) Salvo quanto è stabilito alla lettera c), il Comitato mette i suoi buoni uffici a disposizione degli Stati parti interessati, allo scopo di giungere ad una soluzione amichevole della questione, basata sul rispetto dei diritti dell'uomo e delle libertà fondamentali, quali sono riconosciuti dal presente Patto.

(f) In any matter referred to it, the Committee may call upon the States Parties concerned, referred to in subparagraph (b), to supply any relevant information;

f) In ogni questione ad esso deferita, il Comitato può chiedere agli Stati parti interessati, di cui alla lettera b), di fornire qualsiasi informazione pertinente.

(g) The States Parties concerned, referred to in subparagraph (b), shall have the right to be represented when the matter is being considered in the Committee and to make submissions orally and/or in writing;

g) Gli Stati parti interessati, di cui alla lettera b), hanno diritto di tarsi rappresentare quando la questione viene esaminata dal Comitato e di presentare osservazioni oralmente o per scritto, o in entrambe le forme.

(h) The Committee shall, within twelve months after the date of receipt of notice under subparagraph (b), submit a report:

h) Il Comitato deve presentare un rapporto, entro dodici mesi dalla data di ricezione della notifica prevista alla lettera b):

(i) If a solution within the terms of subparagraph (e) is reached, the Committee shall confine its report to a brief statement of the facts and of the solution reached;

i) Se è stata trovata una soluzione conforme alle condizioni indicate alla lettera e), il Comitato limita il suo rapporto ad una breve esposizione dei tatti e della soluzione raggiunta;

(ii) If a solution within the terms of subparagraph (e) is not reached, the Committee shall confine its report to a brief statement of the facts; the written submissions and record of the oral submissions made by the States Parties concerned shall be attached to the report. In every matter, the report shall be communicated to the States Parties concerned.

ii) Se non è stata trova una soluzione conforme alle condizioni indicate alla lettera e), il Comitato limita il suo rapporto a una breve esposizione dei fatti; il testo delle osservazioni scritte e i verbali delle osservazioni orali presentate dagli Stati parti interessati vengono allegati al rapporto. Per ogni questione, il rapporto è comunicato agli Stati parti interessati.

2. The provisions of this article shall come into force when ten States Parties to the present Covenant have made declarations under paragraph I of this article. Such declarations shall be deposited by the States Parties with the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall transmit copies thereof to the other States Parties. A declaration may be withdrawn at any time by notification to the Secretary-General. Such a withdrawal shall not prejudice the consideration of any matter which is the subject of a communication already transmitted under this article; no further communication by any State Party shall be received after the notification of withdrawal of the declaration has been received by the Secretary-General, unless the State Party concerned has made a new declaration.

2. Le disposizioni del presente articolo entreranno in vigore quando dieci Stati parti del presente Patto avranno fatto la dichiarazione prevista al paragrafo 1 del presente articolo. Detta dichiarazione sarà depositata dagli Stati parti presso il Segretario generale delle Nazioni Unite, che ne trasmetterà copia agli altri Stati parti. Una dichiarazione potrà essere ritirata in qualsiasi momento mediante notifica diretta al Segretario generale. Questo ritiro non pregiudicherà l'esame di qualsiasi questione che formi oggetto di una comunicazione già inviata in base al presente articolo; nessun'altra comunicazione di uno Stato parte sarà ricevuta dopo che il Segretario generale abbia ricevuto notifica del ritiro della dichiarazione, salvo che lo Stato parte interessato non abbia fatto una nuova dichiarazione.

Article 42

Articolo 42 

(a) If a matter referred to the Committee in accordance with article 41 is not resolved to the satisfaction of the States Parties concerned, the Committee may, with the prior consent of the States Parties concerned, appoint an ad hoc Conciliation Commission (hereinafter referred to as the Commission). The good offices of the Commission shall be made available to the States Parties concerned with a view to an amicable solution of the matter on the basis of respect for the present Covenant;

1. a) Se una questione deferita al Comitato in conformità all'articolo 41 non viene risolta in modo soddisfacente per gli Stati parti interessati, il Comitato, previo consenso degli Stati parti interessati, può designare una Commissione di conciliazione ad hoc(indicata da qui innanzi come "la Commissione". La Commissione mette i suoi buoni uffici a disposizione degli Stati parti interessati, allo scopo di giungere ad una soluzione amichevole della questione, basata sul rispetto del presente Patto.

(b) The Commission shall consist of five persons acceptable to the States Parties concerned. If the States Parties concerned fail to reach agreement within three months on all or part of the composition of the Commission, the members of the Commission concerning whom no agreement has been reached shall be elected by secret ballot by a two-thirds majority vote of the Committee from among its members.

b) La Commissione è composta di cinque membri nominati di concerto con gli Stati parti interessati. Se gli Stati parti interessati non pervengono entro tre mesi a un'intesa sulla composizione della Commissione, o di parte di essa, i membri della Commissione sui quali non è stato raggiunto l'accordo sono eletti dal Comitato fra i propri membri, con voto segreto e a maggioranza dei due terzi.

2. The members of the Commission shall serve in their personal capacity. They shall not be nationals of the States Parties concerned, or of a State not Party to the present Covenant, or of a State Party which has not made a declaration under article 41.

2. I membri della Commissione ricoprono tale carica a titolo individuale. Essi non devono essere cittadini né degli Stati parti interessati, né di uno Stato che non sia parte del presente Patto, né di uno Stato parte che non abbia tatto la dichiarazione prevista all'articolo 11.

3. The Commission shall elect its own Chairman and adopt its own rules of procedure.

3. La Commissione elegge il suo Presidente e adotta il suo regolamento interno.

4. The meetings of the Commission shall normally be held at the Headquarters of the United Nations or at the United Nations Office at Geneva. However, they may be held at such other convenient places as the Commission may determine in consultation with the Secretary-General of the United Nations and the States Parties concerned.

4. Le riunioni della Commissione si tengono normalmente nella Sede delle Nazioni Unite ovvero nell'Ufficio delle Nazioni Unite a Ginevra Tuttavia, esse possono svolgersi in qualsiasi altro luogo appropriato che può essere stabilito dalla Commissione previa consultazione con il Segretario generale delle Nazioni Unite e con gli Stati parti interessati.

5. The secretariat provided in accordance with article 36 shall also service the commissions appointed under this article.

5. Il segretariato previsto all'articolo 36 presta i suoi servigi anche alle commissioni nominate in base al presente articolo.

6. The information received and collated by the Committee shall be made available to the Commission and the Commission may call upon the States Parties concerned to supply any other relevant information.

6. Le informazioni ricevute e vagliate dal Comitato sono messe a disposizione della Commissione, e la Commissione può chiedere agli Stati parti interessati di fornirle ogni altra informazione pertinente.

7. When the Commission has fully considered the matter, but in any event not later than twelve months after having been seized of the matter, it shall submit to the Chairman of the Committee a report for communication to the States Parties concerned:

7. Dopo un completo esame della questione, ma in ogni caso entro un termine massimo di dodici mesi dal momento in cui ne è stata investita, la Commissione presenta un rapporto al Presidente del Comitato, perché sia trasmesso agli Stati parti interessati:

(a) If the Commission is unable to complete its consideration of the matter within twelve months, it shall confine its report to a brief statement of the status of its consideration of the matter;

a) se la Commissione non è in grado di completare l'esame della questione entro i dodici mesi, essa si limita ad esporre brevemente nel suo rapporto a qual punto si trovi l'esame della questione medesima;

(b) If an amicable solution to the matter on tie basis of respect for human rights as recognized in the present Covenant is reached, the Commission shall confine its report to a brief statement of the facts and of the solution reached;

b) se si è giunti ad una soluzione amichevole della questione, basata sul rispetto dei diritti dell'uomo riconosciuti nel presente Patto, la Commissione si limita ad esporre brevemente nel suo rapporto i fatti e la soluzione a cui si è pervenuti;

(c) If a solution within the terms of subparagraph (b) is not reached, the Commission's report shall embody its findings on all questions of fact relevant to the issues between the States Parties concerned, and its views on the possibilities of an amicable solution of the matter. This report shall also contain the written submissions and a record of the oral submissions made by the States Parties concerned;

c) se non si è giunti ad una soluzione ai sensi della lettera b), la Commissione espone nel suo rapporto i propri accertamenti su tutti i punti di fatto relativi alla questione dibattuta fra gli Stati parti interessati, nonché le proprie considerazioni circa la possibilità di una soluzione amichevole dell'affare. Il rapporto comprende pure le osservazioni scritte e un verbale delle osservazioni orali presentate dagli Stati parti interessati;

(d) If the Commission's report is submitted under subparagraph (c), the States Parties concerned shall, within three months of the receipt of the report, notify the Chairman of the Committee whether or not they accept the contents of the report of the Commission.

d) se il rapporto della Commissione è presentato in conformità alla lettera c), gli Stati parti interessati, entro tre mesi dalla ricezione del rapporto, debbono rendere noto al Presidente del Comitato se accettano o meno i termini del rapporto della Commissione.

8. The provisions of this article are without prejudice to the responsibilities of the Committee under article 41.

8. Le disposizioni del presente articolo non pregiudicano le attribuzioni del Comitato previste all'art. 41.

9. The States Parties concerned shall share equally all the expenses of the members of the Commission in accordance with estimates to be provided by the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

9. Tutte le spese dei membri della Commissione sono ripartite in parti uguali tra gli Stati interessati, in base a un preventivo predisposto dal Segretario generale delle Nazioni Unite.

10. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall be empowered to pay the expenses of the members of the Commission, if necessary, before reimbursement by the States Parties concerned, in accordance with paragraph 9 of this article.

10. Il Segretario generale delle Nazioni Unite è autorizzato a pagare, se occorre, le spese dei membri della Commissione prima che gli Stati parti interessati ne abbiano effettuato il rimborso, in conformità al paragrafo 9 del presente articolo.

Article 43

Articolo 43 

The members of the Committee, and of the ad hoc conciliation commissions which may be appointed under article 42, shall be entitled to the facilities, privileges and immunities of experts on mission for the United Nations as laid down in the relevant sections of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations.

I membri del Comitato e i membri delle commissioni di conciliazione ad hoc che possano essere designate ai sensi dell'articolo 42 hanno diritto a quelle agevolazioni, quei privilegi e quelle immunità riconosciuti agli esperti in missione per conto delle Nazioni Unite, che sono enunciati nelle sezioni pertinenti della Convenzione sui privilegi e le immunità delle Nazioni Unite.

Article 44

Articolo 44 

The provisions for the implementation of the present Covenant shall apply without prejudice to the procedures prescribed in the field of human rights by or under the constituent instruments and the conventions of the United Nations and of the specialized agencies and shall not prevent the States Parties to the present Covenant from having recourse to other procedures for settling a dispute in accordance with general or special international agreements in force between them.

Le disposizioni per l'attuazione del presente Patto si applicano senza pregiudizio delle procedure istituite nel campo dei diritti dell'uomo ai sensi o sulla base degli strumenti costitutivi e delle convenzioni delle Nazioni Unite e degli istituti specializzati. e non impediscono agli Stati parti del presente Patto di ricorrere ad altre procedure per la soluzione di una controversia, in conformità agli accordi internazionali generali o speciali in vigore tra loro.

Article 45

Articolo 45 

The Committee shall submit to the General Assembly of the United Nations, through the Economic and Social Council, an annual report on its activities.

Il Comitato tramite il Consiglio economico e sociale, presenta ogni anno all'Assemblea generale delle Nazioni Unite un rapporto sulle sue attività.

PART V

 PARTE QUINTA

Article 46 .

Articolo 46

Nothing in the present Covenant shall be interpreted as impairing the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations and of the constitutions of the specialized agencies which define the respective responsibilities of the various organs of the United Nations and of the specialized agencies in regard to the matters dealt with in the present Covenant.

Nessuna disposizione del presente Patto può; essere interpretata in senso lesivo delle disposizioni dello Statuto delle Nazioni Unite e degli statuti degli istituti specializzati che definiscono le funzioni rispettive dei vari organi delle Nazioni Unite e degli istituti specializzati riguardo alle questioni trattate nel presente Patto.

Article 47

Articolo 47 

Nothing in the present Covenant shall be interpreted as impairing the inherent right of all peoples to enjoy and utilize fully and freely their natural wealth and resources.

Nessuna disposizione del presente Patto può essere interpretata in senso lesivo del diritto inerente a tutti i popoli di godere e di disporre pienamente e liberamente delle loro ricchezze e risorse naturali.

PART VI

 PARTE SESTA

Article 48

Articolo 48

1. The present Covenant is open for signature by any State Member of the United Nations or member of any of its specialized agencies, by any State Party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice, and by any other State which has been invited by the General Assembly of the United Nations to become a Party to the present Covenant.

1. Il presente Patto è aperto alla firma di ogni Stato membro delle Nazioni Unite o membro di uno qualsiasi dei loro istituti specializzati di ogni Stato parte dello Statuto della Corte internazionale di giustizia, nonché di qualsiasi altro Stato che sia invitato dall'Assemblea generale delle Nazioni Unite a divenire parte del presente Patto.

2. The present Covenant is subject to ratification. Instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

2. Il presente Patto è soggetto a ratifica. Gli strumenti di ratifica saranno depositati presso il Segretario generale delle Nazioni Unite.

3. The present Covenant shall be open to accession by any State referred to in paragraph 1 of this article.

3. Il presente Patto sarà aperto all'adesione di qualsiasi Stato tra quelli indicati al paragrafo 1 del presente articolo.

4. Accession shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument of accession with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

4. L'adesione sarà effettuata mediante deposito di uno strumento di adesione presso il Segretario generale delle Nazioni Unite.

5. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall inform all States which have signed this Covenant or acceded to it of the deposit of each instrument of ratification or accession.

5. Segretario generale delle Nazioni Unite informerà tutti gli Stati che abbiano firmato il presente Patto, o che vi abbiano aderito, del deposito di ogni strumento di ratifica o di adesione.

Article 49

Articolo 49 

1. The present Covenant shall enter into force three months after the date of the deposit with the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the thirty-fifth instrument of ratification or instrument of accession.

1. Il presente Patto entrerà in vigore tre mesi dopo la data del deposito presso il Segretario generale delle Nazioni Unite del trentacinquesimo strumento di ratifica o di adesione.

2. For each State ratifying the present Covenant or acceding to it after the deposit of the thirty-fifth instrument of ratification or instrument of accession, the present Covenant shall enter into force three months after the date of the deposit of its own instrument of ratification or instrument of accession.

2. Per ognuno degli Stati che ratificheranno il presente Patto o vi aderiranno successivamente al deposito del trentacinquesimo strumento di ratifica o di adesione, il Patto medesimo entrerà in vigore tre mesi dopo la data del deposito, a parte di tale Stato, del suo strumento di ratifica o di adesione.

Article 50

Articolo 50 

The provisions of the present Covenant shall extend to all parts of federal States without any limitations or exceptions.

Le disposizioni del presente Patto si applicano, senza limitazione o eccezione alcuna, a tutte le unità costitutive degli Stati federali.

Article 51

Articolo 51 

1. Any State Party to the present Covenant may propose an amendment and file it with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall thereupon communicate any proposed amendments to the States Parties to the present Covenant with a request that they notify him whether they favour a conference of States Parties for the purpose of considering and voting upon the proposals. In the event that at least one third of the States Parties favours such a conference, the Secretary-General shall convene the conference under the auspices of the United Nations. Any amendment adopted by a majority of the States Parties present and voting at the conference shall be submitted to the General Assembly of the United Nations for approval.

1. Ogni Stato parte del presente Patto potrà proporre un emendamento e depositarne il testo presso il Segretario generale delle Nazioni Unite Il Segretario generale comunicherà quindi le proposte di emendamento agli Stati parti del presente Patto. chiedendo loro di informarlo se sono favorevoli alla convocazione di una conferenza degli Stati parti per esaminare dette proposte e metterle ai voti Se almeno un terzo degli Stati parti si dichiarerà a favore di tale convocazione, il Segretario generale convocherà la conferenza sotto gli auspici delle Nazioni Unite. Ogni emendamento approvato dalla maggioranza degli Stati presenti e votanti alla conferenza sarà sottoposto all'approvazione dell'Assemblea generale delle Nazioni Unite.

2. Amendments shall come into force when they have been approved by the General Assembly of the United Nations and accepted by a two-thirds majority of the States Parties to the present Covenant in accordance with their respective constitutional processes.

2. Gli emendamenti entreranno in vigore dopo esser stati approvati dall'Assemblea generale delle Nazioni Unite e accettati, in conformità alle rispettive procedure costituzionali, da una maggioranza di due terzi degli Stati parti del presente Patto.

3. When amendments come into force, they shall be binding on those States Parties which have accepted them, other States Parties still being bound by the provisions of the present Covenant and any earlier amendment which they have accepted.

3. Quando gli emendamenti entreranno in vigore, essi saranno vincolanti per gli Stati parti che li abbiano accettati, mentre gli altri Stati parti rimarranno vincolati dalle disposizioni del presente Patto e da qualsiasi emendamento anteriore che essi abbiano accettato.

Article 52

Articolo 52 

Irrespective of the notifications made under article 48, paragraph 5, the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall inform all States referred to in paragraph I of the same article of the following particulars:

Indipendentemente dalle notifiche effettuate ai sensi del paragrafo 5 dell'articolo 48, il Segretario generale delle Nazioni Unite informerà tutti gli Stati indicati al paragrafo 1 di detto articolo:

(a) Signatures, ratifications and accessions under article 48;

a) delle firme apposte al presente Patto e degli strumenti di ratifica e di adesione depositati in conformità all'articolo 48;

(b) The date of the entry into force of the present Covenant under article 49 and the date of the entry into force of any amendments under article 51.

b) della data in cui il presente Patto entrerà in vigore, in conformità all'articolo 49, e della data hl cui entreranno in vigore gli emendamenti ai sensi dell'articolo 51.

Article 53

Articolo 53 

1. The present Covenant, of which the Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the United Nations.

1. Il presente Patto, di cui i testi cinese, francese, inglese, russo e spagnolo, fanno egualmente fede, sarà depositato negli archivi delle Nazioni Unite.

2. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall transmit certified copies of the present Covenant to all States referred to in article 48.

2. Il Segretario generale delle Nazioni Unite trasmetterà copie autentiche del presente Patto a tutti gli Stati indicati all'articolo 48.



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INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS

The States Parties to the present Covenant,

Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,

Recognizing that, in accordance with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the ideal of free human beings enjoying civil and political freedom and freedom from fear and want can only be achieved if conditions are created whereby everyone may enjoy his civil and political rights, as well as his economic, social and cultural rights,

Considering the obligation of States under the Charter of the United Nations to promote universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and freedoms,

Realizing that the individual, having duties to other individuals and to the community to which he belongs, is under a responsibility to strive for the promotion and observance of the rights recognized in the present Covenant,

Agree upon the following articles:

PART I

Article 1 General comment on its implementation

1. All peoples have the right of self-determination. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development.

2. All peoples may, for their own ends, freely dispose of their natural wealth and resources without prejudice to any obligations arising out of international economic co-operation, based upon the principle of mutual benefit, and international law. In no case may a people be deprived of its own means of subsistence.

3. The States Parties to the present Covenant, including those having responsibility for the administration of Non-Self-Governing and Trust Territories, shall promote the realization of the right of self-determination, and shall respect that right, in conformity with the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations.

PART II

Article 2

1. Each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes to respect and to ensure to all individuals within its territory and subject to its jurisdiction the rights recognized in the present Covenant, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.

2. Where not already provided for by existing legislative or other measures, each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes to take the necessary steps, in accordance with its constitutional processes and with the provisions of the present Covenant, to adopt such laws or other measures as may be necessary to give effect to the rights recognized in the present Covenant.

3. Each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes:

(a) To ensure that any person whose rights or freedoms as herein recognized are violated shall have an effective remedy, notwithstanding that the violation has been committed by persons acting in an official capacity;

(b) To ensure that any person claiming such a remedy shall have his right thereto determined by competent judicial, administrative or legislative authorities, or by any other competent authority provided for by the legal system of the State, and to develop the possibilities of judicial remedy;

(c) To ensure that the competent authorities shall enforce such remedies when granted.

Article 3

The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to ensure the equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of all civil and political rights set forth in the present Covenant. General comment on its implementation

Article 4

1 . In time of public emergency which threatens the life of the nation and the existence of which is officially proclaimed, the States Parties to the present Covenant may take measures derogating from their obligations under the present Covenant to the extent strictly required by the exigencies of the situation, provided that such measures are not inconsistent with their other obligations under international law and do not involve discrimination solely on the ground of race, colour, sex, language, religion or social origin.

2. No derogation from articles 6, 7, 8 (paragraphs I and 2), 11, 15, 16 and 18 may be made under this provision.

3. Any State Party to the present Covenant availing itself of the right of derogation shall immediately inform the other States Parties to the present Covenant, through the intermediary of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, of the provisions from which it has derogated and of the reasons by which it was actuated. A further communication shall be made, through the same intermediary, on the date on which it terminates such derogation.General comment on its implementation

Article 5

1. Nothing in the present Covenant may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms recognized herein or at their limitation to a greater extent than is provided for in the present Covenant.

2. There shall be no restriction upon or derogation from any of the fundamental human rights recognized or existing in any State Party to the present Covenant pursuant to law, conventions, regulations or custom on the pretext that the present Covenant does not recognize such rights or that it recognizes them to a lesser extent.

PART III

Article 6

1. Every human being has the inherent right to life. This right shall be protected by law. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his life.

2. In countries which have not abolished the death penalty, sentence of death may be imposed only for the most serious crimes in accordance with the law in force at the time of the commission of the crime and not contrary to the provisions of the present Covenant and to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. This penalty can only be carried out pursuant to a final judgement rendered by a competent court.

3. When deprivation of life constitutes the crime of genocide, it is understood that nothing in this article shall authorize any State Party to the present Covenant to derogate in any way from any obligation assumed under the provisions of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.

4. Anyone sentenced to death shall have the right to seek pardon or commutation of the sentence. Amnesty, pardon or commutation of the sentence of death may be granted in all cases.

5. Sentence of death shall not be imposed for crimes committed by persons below eighteen years of age and shall not be carried out on pregnant women.

6. Nothing in this article shall be invoked to delay or to prevent the abolition of capital punishment by any State Party to the present Covenant.

Article 7

No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. In particular, no one shall be subjected without his free consent to medical or scientific experimentation.

Article 8

1. No one shall be held in slavery; slavery and the slave-trade in all their forms shall be prohibited.

2. No one shall be held in servitude.

3. (a) No one shall be required to perform forced or compulsory labour;

(b) Paragraph 3 (a) shall not be held to preclude, in countries where imprisonment with hard labour may be imposed as a punishment for a crime, the performance of hard labour in pursuance of a sentence to such punishment by a competent court;

(c) For the purpose of this paragraph the term "forced or compulsory labour" shall not include:

(i) Any work or service, not referred to in subparagraph (b), normally required of a person who is under detention in consequence of a lawful order of a court, or of a person during conditional release from such detention;

(ii) Any service of a military character and, in countries where conscientious objection is recognized, any national service required by law of conscientious objectors;

(iii) Any service exacted in cases of emergency or calamity threatening the life or well-being of the community;

(iv) Any work or service which forms part of normal civil obligations.

Article 9

1. Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest or detention. No one shall be deprived of his liberty except on such grounds and in accordance with such procedure as are established by law.

2. Anyone who is arrested shall be informed, at the time of arrest, of the reasons for his arrest and shall be promptly informed of any charges against him.

3. Anyone arrested or detained on a criminal charge shall be brought promptly before a judge or other officer authorized by law to exercise judicial power and shall be entitled to trial within a reasonable time or to release. It shall not be the general rule that persons awaiting trial shall be detained in custody, but release may be subject to guarantees to appear for trial, at any other stage of the judicial proceedings, and, should occasion arise, for execution of the judgement.

4. Anyone who is deprived of his liberty by arrest or detention shall be entitled to take proceedings before a court, in order that court may decide without delay on the lawfulness of his detention and order his release if the detention is not lawful.

5. Anyone who has been the victim of unlawful arrest or detention shall have an enforceable right to compensation.

Article 10

1. All persons deprived of their liberty shall be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person.

(a) Accused persons shall, save in exceptional circumstances, be segregated from convicted persons and shall be subject to separate treatment appropriate to their status as unconvicted persons;

(b) Accused juvenile persons shall be separated from adults and brought as speedily as possible for adjudication.

3. The penitentiary system shall comprise treatment of prisoners the essential aim of which shall be their reformation and social rehabilitation. Juvenile offenders shall be segregated from adults and be accorded treatment appropriate to their age and legal status.

Article 11

No one shall be imprisoned merely on the ground of inability to fulfil a contractual obligation.

Article 12

1. Everyone lawfully within the territory of a State shall, within that territory, have the right to liberty of movement and freedom to choose his residence.

2. Everyone shall be free to leave any country, including his own.

3. The above-mentioned rights shall not be subject to any restrictions except those which are provided by law, are necessary to protect national security, public order (ordre public), public health or morals or the rights and freedoms of others, and are consistent with the other rights recognized in the present Covenant.

4. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of the right to enter his own country.

Article 13

An alien lawfully in the territory of a State Party to the present Covenant may be expelled therefrom only in pursuance of a decision reached in accordance with law and shall, except where compelling reasons of national security otherwise require, be allowed to submit the reasons against his expulsion and to have his case reviewed by, and be represented for the purpose before, the competent authority or a person or persons especially designated by the competent authority.

Article 14

1. All persons shall be equal before the courts and tribunals. In the determination of any criminal charge against him, or of his rights and obligations in a suit at law, everyone shall be entitled to a fair and public hearing by a competent, independent and impartial tribunal established by law. The press and the public may be excluded from all or part of a trial for reasons of morals, public order (ordre public) or national security in a democratic society, or when the interest of the private lives of the parties so requires, or to the extent strictly necessary in the opinion of the court in special circumstances where publicity would prejudice the interests of justice; but any judgement rendered in a criminal case or in a suit at law shall be made public except where the interest of juvenile persons otherwise requires or the proceedings concern matrimonial disputes or the guardianship of children.

2. Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall have the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law.

3. In the determination of any criminal charge against him, everyone shall be entitled to the following minimum guarantees, in full equality:

(a) To be informed promptly and in detail in a language which he understands of the nature and cause of the charge against him;

(b) To have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of his defence and to communicate with counsel of his own choosing;

(c) To be tried without undue delay;

(d) To be tried in his presence, and to defend himself in person or through legal assistance of his own choosing; to be informed, if he does not have legal assistance, of this right; and to have legal assistance assigned to him, in any case where the interests of justice so require, and without payment by him in any such case if he does not have sufficient means to pay for it;

(e) To examine, or have examined, the witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him;

(f) To have the free assistance of an interpreter if he cannot understand or speak the language used in court;

(g) Not to be compelled to testify against himself or to confess guilt.

4. In the case of juvenile persons, the procedure shall be such as will take account of their age and the desirability of promoting their rehabilitation.

5. Everyone convicted of a crime shall have the right to his conviction and sentence being reviewed by a higher tribunal according to law.

6. When a person has by a final decision been convicted of a criminal offence and when subsequently his conviction has been reversed or he has been pardoned on the ground that a new or newly discovered fact shows conclusively that there has been a miscarriage of justice, the person who has suffered punishment as a result of such conviction shall be compensated according to law, unless it is proved that the non-disclosure of the unknown fact in time is wholly or partly attributable to him.

7. No one shall be liable to be tried or punished again for an offence for which he has already been finally convicted or acquitted in accordance with the law and penal procedure of each country.

Article 15

1 . No one shall be held guilty of any criminal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a criminal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time when the criminal offence was committed. If, subsequent to the commission of the offence, provision is made by law for the imposition of the lighter penalty, the offender shall benefit thereby.

2. Nothing in this article shall prejudice the trial and punishment of any person for any act or omission which, at the time when it was committed, was criminal according to the general principles of law recognized by the community of nations.

Article 16

Everyone shall have the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.

Article 17

1. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks on his honour and reputation.

2. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.

Article 18

1. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. This right shall include freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice, and freedom, either individually or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in worship, observance, practice and teaching.

2. No one shall be subject to coercion which would impair his freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice.

3. Freedom to manifest one's religion or beliefs may be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary to protect public safety, order, health, or morals or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others.

4. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to have respect for the liberty of parents and, when applicable, legal guardians to ensure the religious and moral education of their children in conformity with their own convictions.

Article 19

1. Everyone shall have the right to hold opinions without interference.

2. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice.

3. The exercise of the rights provided for in paragraph 2 of this article carries with it special duties and responsibilities. It may therefore be subject to certain restrictions, but these shall only be such as are provided by law and are necessary:

(a) For respect of the rights or reputations of others;

(b) For the protection of national security or of public order (ordre public), or of public health or morals.

Article 20 General comment on its implementation

1. Any propaganda for war shall be prohibited by law.

2. Any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence shall be prohibited by law.

Article 21

The right of peaceful assembly shall be recognized. No restrictions may be placed on the exercise of this right other than those imposed in conformity with the law and which are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or public safety, public order (ordre public), the protection of public health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.

Article 22

1. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of association with others, including the right to form and join trade unions for the protection of his interests.

2. No restrictions may be placed on the exercise of this right other than those which are prescribed by law and which are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or public safety, public order (ordre public), the protection of public health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. This article shall not prevent the imposition of lawful restrictions on members of the armed forces and of the police in their exercise of this right.

3. Nothing in this article shall authorize States Parties to the International Labour Organisation Convention of 1948 concerning Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize to take legislative measures which would prejudice, or to apply the law in such a manner as to prejudice, the guarantees provided for in that Convention.

Article 23

1. The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State.

2. The right of men and women of marriageable age to marry and to found a family shall be recognized.

3. No marriage shall be entered into without the free and full consent of the intending spouses.

4. States Parties to the present Covenant shall take appropriate steps to ensure equality of rights and responsibilities of spouses as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution. In the case of dissolution, provision shall be made for the necessary protection of any children.

Article 24

1. Every child shall have, without any discrimination as to race, colour, sex, language, religion, national or social origin, property or birth, the right to such measures of protection as are required by his status as a minor, on the part of his family, society and the State.

2. Every child shall be registered immediately after birth and shall have a name.

3. Every child has the right to acquire a nationality.

Article 25

Every citizen shall have the right and the opportunity, without any of the distinctions mentioned in article 2 and without unreasonable restrictions:

(a) To take part in the conduct of public affairs, directly or through freely chosen representatives;

(b) To vote and to be elected at genuine periodic elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret ballot, guaranteeing the free expression of the will of the electors;

(c) To have access, on general terms of equality, to public service in his country.

Article 26

All persons are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to the equal protection of the law. In this respect, the law shall prohibit any discrimination and guarantee to all persons equal and effective protection against discrimination on any ground such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.

Article 27

In those States in which ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities exist, persons belonging to such minorities shall not be denied the right, in community with the other members of their group, to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practise their own religion, or to use their own language.

PART IV

Article 28

1. There shall be established a Human Rights Committee (hereafter referred to in the present Covenant as the Committee). It shall consist of eighteen members and shall carry out the functions hereinafter provided.

2. The Committee shall be composed of nationals of the States Parties to the present Covenant who shall be persons of high moral character and recognized competence in the field of human rights, consideration being given to the usefulness of the participation of some persons having legal experience.

3. The members of the Committee shall be elected and shall serve in their personal capacity.

Article 29

1 . The members of the Committee shall be elected by secret ballot from a list of persons possessing the qualifications prescribed in article 28 and nominated for the purpose by the States Parties to the present Covenant.

2. Each State Party to the present Covenant may nominate not more than two persons. These persons shall be nationals of the nominating State.

3. A person shall be eligible for renomination.

Article 30

1. The initial election shall be held no later than six months after the date of the entry into force of the present Covenant.

2. At least four months before the date of each election to the Committee, other than an election to fill a vacancy declared in accordance with article 34, the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall address a written invitation to the States Parties to the present Covenant to submit their nominations for membership of the Committee within three months.

3. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall prepare a list in alphabetical order of all the persons thus nominated, with an indication of the States Parties which have nominated them, and shall submit it to the States Parties to the present Covenant no later than one month before the date of each election.

4. Elections of the members of the Committee shall be held at a meeting of the States Parties to the present Covenant convened by the Secretary General of the United Nations at the Headquarters of the United Nations. At that meeting, for which two thirds of the States Parties to the present Covenant shall constitute a quorum, the persons elected to the Committee shall be those nominees who obtain the largest number of votes and an absolute majority of the votes of the representatives of States Parties present and voting.

Article 31

1. The Committee may not include more than one national of the same State.

2. In the election of the Committee, consideration shall be given to equitable geographical distribution of membership and to the representation of the different forms of civilization and of the principal legal systems.

Article 32

1. The members of the Committee shall be elected for a term of four years. They shall be eligible for re-election if renominated. However, the terms of nine of the members elected at the first election shall expire at the end of two years; immediately after the first election, the names of these nine members shall be chosen by lot by the Chairman of the meeting referred to in article 30, paragraph 4.

2. Elections at the expiry of office shall be held in accordance with the preceding articles of this part of the present Covenant.

Article 33

1. If, in the unanimous opinion of the other members, a member of the Committee has ceased to carry out his functions for any cause other than absence of a temporary character, the Chairman of the Committee shall notify the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall then declare the seat of that member to be vacant.

2. In the event of the death or the resignation of a member of the Committee, the Chairman shall immediately notify the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall declare the seat vacant from the date of death or the date on which the resignation takes effect.

Article 34

1. When a vacancy is declared in accordance with article 33 and if the term of office of the member to be replaced does not expire within six months of the declaration of the vacancy, the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall notify each of the States Parties to the present Covenant, which may within two months submit nominations in accordance with article 29 for the purpose of filling the vacancy.

2. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall prepare a list in alphabetical order of the persons thus nominated and shall submit it to the States Parties to the present Covenant. The election to fill the vacancy shall then take place in accordance with the relevant provisions of this part of the present Covenant.

3. A member of the Committee elected to fill a vacancy declared in accordance with article 33 shall hold office for the remainder of the term of the member who vacated the seat on the Committee under the provisions of that article.

Article 35

The members of the Committee shall, with the approval of the General Assembly of the United Nations, receive emoluments from United Nations resources on such terms and conditions as the General Assembly may decide, having regard to the importance of the Committee's responsibilities.

Article 36

The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall provide the necessary staff and facilities for the effective performance of the functions of the Committee under the present Covenant.

Article 37

1. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall convene the initial meeting of the Committee at the Headquarters of the United Nations.

2. After its initial meeting, the Committee shall meet at such times as shall be provided in its rules of procedure.

3. The Committee shall normally meet at the Headquarters of the United Nations or at the United Nations Office at Geneva.

Article 38

Every member of the Committee shall, before taking up his duties, make a solemn declaration in open committee that he will perform his functions impartially and conscientiously.

Article 39

1. The Committee shall elect its officers for a term of two years. They may be re-elected.

2. The Committee shall establish its own rules of procedure, but these rules shall provide, inter alia, that:

(a) Twelve members shall constitute a quorum;

(b) Decisions of the Committee shall be made by a majority vote of the members present.

Article 40

1. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to submit reports on the measures they have adopted which give effect to the rights recognized herein and on the progress made in the enjoyment of those rights:

(a) Within one year of the entry into force of the present Covenant for the States Parties concerned;

(b) Thereafter whenever the Committee so requests.

2. All reports shall be submitted to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall transmit them to the Committee for consideration. Reports shall indicate the factors and difficulties, if any, affecting the implementation of the present Covenant.

3. The Secretary-General of the United Nations may, after consultation with the Committee, transmit to the specialized agencies concerned copies of such parts of the reports as may fall within their field of competence.

4. The Committee shall study the reports submitted by the States Parties to the present Covenant. It shall transmit its reports, and such general comments as it may consider appropriate, to the States Parties. The Committee may also transmit to the Economic and Social Council these comments along with the copies of the reports it has received from States Parties to the present Covenant.

5. The States Parties to the present Covenant may submit to the Committee observations on any comments that may be made in accordance with paragraph 4 of this article.

Article 41

1. A State Party to the present Covenant may at any time declare under this article that it recognizes the competence of the Committee to receive and consider communications to the effect that a State Party claims that another State Party is not fulfilling its obligations under the present Covenant. Communications under this article may be received and considered only if submitted by a State Party which has made a declaration recognizing in regard to itself the competence of the Committee. No communication shall be received by the Committee if it concerns a State Party which has not made such a declaration. Communications received under this article shall be dealt with in accordance with the following procedure:

(a) If a State Party to the present Covenant considers that another State Party is not giving effect to the provisions of the present Covenant, it may, by written communication, bring the matter to the attention of that State Party. Within three months after the receipt of the communication the receiving State shall afford the State which sent the communication an explanation, or any other statement in writing clarifying the matter which should include, to the extent possible and pertinent, reference to domestic procedures and remedies taken, pending, or available in the matter;

(b) If the matter is not adjusted to the satisfaction of both States Parties concerned within six months after the receipt by the receiving State of the initial communication, either State shall have the right to refer the matter to the Committee, by notice given to the Committee and to the other State;

(c) The Committee shall deal with a matter referred to it only after it has ascertained that all available domestic remedies have been invoked and exhausted in the matter, in conformity with the generally recognized principles of international law. This shall not be the rule where the application of the remedies is unreasonably prolonged;

(d) The Committee shall hold closed meetings when examining communications under this article;

(e) Subject to the provisions of subparagraph (c), the Committee shall make available its good offices to the States Parties concerned with a view to a friendly solution of the matter on the basis of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms as recognized in the present Covenant;

(f) In any matter referred to it, the Committee may call upon the States Parties concerned, referred to in subparagraph (b), to supply any relevant information;

(g) The States Parties concerned, referred to in subparagraph (b), shall have the right to be represented when the matter is being considered in the Committee and to make submissions orally and/or in writing;

(h) The Committee shall, within twelve months after the date of receipt of notice under subparagraph (b), submit a report:

(i) If a solution within the terms of subparagraph (e) is reached, the Committee shall confine its report to a brief statement of the facts and of the solution reached;

(ii) If a solution within the terms of subparagraph (e) is not reached, the Committee shall confine its report to a brief statement of the facts; the written submissions and record of the oral submissions made by the States Parties concerned shall be attached to the report. In every matter, the report shall be communicated to the States Parties concerned.

2. The provisions of this article shall come into force when ten States Parties to the present Covenant have made declarations under paragraph I of this article. Such declarations shall be deposited by the States Parties with the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall transmit copies thereof to the other States Parties. A declaration may be withdrawn at any time by notification to the Secretary-General. Such a withdrawal shall not prejudice the consideration of any matter which is the subject of a communication already transmitted under this article; no further communication by any State Party shall be received after the notification of withdrawal of the declaration has been received by the Secretary-General, unless the State Party concerned has made a new declaration.

Article 42

(a) If a matter referred to the Committee in accordance with article 41 is not resolved to the satisfaction of the States Parties concerned, the Committee may, with the prior consent of the States Parties concerned, appoint an ad hoc Conciliation Commission (hereinafter referred to as the Commission). The good offices of the Commission shall be made available to the States Parties concerned with a view to an amicable solution of the matter on the basis of respect for the present Covenant;

(b) The Commission shall consist of five persons acceptable to the States Parties concerned. If the States Parties concerned fail to reach agreement within three months on all or part of the composition of the Commission, the members of the Commission concerning whom no agreement has been reached shall be elected by secret ballot by a two-thirds majority vote of the Committee from among its members.

2. The members of the Commission shall serve in their personal capacity. They shall not be nationals of the States Parties concerned, or of a State not Party to the present Covenant, or of a State Party which has not made a declaration under article 41.

3. The Commission shall elect its own Chairman and adopt its own rules of procedure.

4. The meetings of the Commission shall normally be held at the Headquarters of the United Nations or at the United Nations Office at Geneva. However, they may be held at such other convenient places as the Commission may determine in consultation with the Secretary-General of the United Nations and the States Parties concerned.

5. The secretariat provided in accordance with article 36 shall also service the commissions appointed under this article.

6. The information received and collated by the Committee shall be made available to the Commission and the Commission may call upon the States Parties concerned to supply any other relevant information.

7. When the Commission has fully considered the matter, but in any event not later than twelve months after having been seized of the matter, it shall submit to the Chairman of the Committee a report for communication to the States Parties concerned:

(a) If the Commission is unable to complete its consideration of the matter within twelve months, it shall confine its report to a brief statement of the status of its consideration of the matter;

(b) If an amicable solution to the matter on tie basis of respect for human rights as recognized in the present Covenant is reached, the Commission shall confine its report to a brief statement of the facts and of the solution reached;

(c) If a solution within the terms of subparagraph (b) is not reached, the Commission's report shall embody its findings on all questions of fact relevant to the issues between the States Parties concerned, and its views on the possibilities of an amicable solution of the matter. This report shall also contain the written submissions and a record of the oral submissions made by the States Parties concerned;

(d) If the Commission's report is submitted under subparagraph (c), the States Parties concerned shall, within three months of the receipt of the report, notify the Chairman of the Committee whether or not they accept the contents of the report of the Commission.

8. The provisions of this article are without prejudice to the responsibilities of the Committee under article 41.

9. The States Parties concerned shall share equally all the expenses of the members of the Commission in accordance with estimates to be provided by the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

10. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall be empowered to pay the expenses of the members of the Commission, if necessary, before reimbursement by the States Parties concerned, in accordance with paragraph 9 of this article.

Article 43

The members of the Committee, and of the ad hoc conciliation commissions which may be appointed under article 42, shall be entitled to the facilities, privileges and immunities of experts on mission for the United Nations as laid down in the relevant sections of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations.

Article 44

The provisions for the implementation of the present Covenant shall apply without prejudice to the procedures prescribed in the field of human rights by or under the constituent instruments and the conventions of the United Nations and of the specialized agencies and shall not prevent the States Parties to the present Covenant from having recourse to other procedures for settling a dispute in accordance with general or special international agreements in force between them.

Article 45

The Committee shall submit to the General Assembly of the United Nations, through the Economic and Social Council, an annual report on its activities.

PART V

Article 46 .

Nothing in the present Covenant shall be interpreted as impairing the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations and of the constitutions of the specialized agencies which define the respective responsibilities of the various organs of the United Nations and of the specialized agencies in regard to the matters dealt with in the present Covenant.

Article 47

Nothing in the present Covenant shall be interpreted as impairing the inherent right of all peoples to enjoy and utilize fully and freely their natural wealth and resources.

PART VI

Article 48

1. The present Covenant is open for signature by any State Member of the United Nations or member of any of its specialized agencies, by any State Party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice, and by any other State which has been invited by the General Assembly of the United Nations to become a Party to the present Covenant.

2. The present Covenant is subject to ratification. Instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

3. The present Covenant shall be open to accession by any State referred to in paragraph 1 of this article.

4. Accession shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument of accession with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

5. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall inform all States which have signed this Covenant or acceded to it of the deposit of each instrument of ratification or accession.

Article 49

1. The present Covenant shall enter into force three months after the date of the deposit with the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the thirty-fifth instrument of ratification or instrument of accession.

2. For each State ratifying the present Covenant or acceding to it after the deposit of the thirty-fifth instrument of ratification or instrument of accession, the present Covenant shall enter into force three months after the date of the deposit of its own instrument of ratification or instrument of accession.

Article 50

The provisions of the present Covenant shall extend to all parts of federal States without any limitations or exceptions.

Article 51

1. Any State Party to the present Covenant may propose an amendment and file it with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall thereupon communicate any proposed amendments to the States Parties to the present Covenant with a request that they notify him whether they favour a conference of States Parties for the purpose of considering and voting upon the proposals. In the event that at least one third of the States Parties favours such a conference, the Secretary-General shall convene the conference under the auspices of the United Nations. Any amendment adopted by a majority of the States Parties present and voting at the conference shall be submitted to the General Assembly of the United Nations for approval.

2. Amendments shall come into force when they have been approved by the General Assembly of the United Nations and accepted by a two-thirds majority of the States Parties to the present Covenant in accordance with their respective constitutional processes.

3. When amendments come into force, they shall be binding on those States Parties which have accepted them, other States Parties still being bound by the provisions of the present Covenant and any earlier amendment which they have accepted.

Article 52

Irrespective of the notifications made under article 48, paragraph 5, the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall inform all States referred to in paragraph I of the same article of the following particulars:

(a) Signatures, ratifications and accessions under article 48;

(b) The date of the entry into force of the present Covenant under article 49 and the date of the entry into force of any amendments under article 51.

Article 53

1. The present Covenant, of which the Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the United Nations.

2. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall transmit certified copies of the present Covenant to all States referred to in article 48.