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PARALLEL TEXTS
 LA CONVENZIONE SUI DIRITTI DELL'INFANZIA

THE CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD LA CONVENZIONE SUI DIRITTI DELL'INFANZIA

Preamble

PREAMBOLO

The States Parties to the present Convention,

Gli Stati parti alla presente Convenzione

Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,

Considerando che, in conformità con i principi proclamati nella Carta delle Nazioni Unite, il riconoscimento della dignità inerente a tutti i membri della famiglia umana nonché l’uguaglianza e il carattere inalienabile dei loro diritti sono le fondamenta della libertà, della giustizia e della pace nel mondo,

Bearing in mind that the peoples of the United Nations have, in the Charter, reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights and in the dignity and worth of the human person and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,

Tenendo presente che i popoli delle Nazioni Unite hanno ribadito nella Carta la loro fede nei diritti fondamentali dell’uomo e nella dignità e nel valore della persona umana e hanno risolto di favorire il progresso sociale e di instaurare migliori condizioni di vita in una maggiore libertà,

Recognizing that the United Nations has, in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the International Covenants on Human Rights, proclaimed and agreed that everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth therein, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status,

Riconoscendo che le Nazioni Unite nella Dichiarazione Universale dei Diritti dell’Uomo e nei Patti internazionali relativi ai Diritti dell’Uomo hanno proclamato e hanno convenuto che ciascuno può avvalersi di tutti i diritti e di tutte le libertà che vi sono enunciate, senza distinzione di sorta in particolare di razza, di colore, di sesso, di lingua, di religione, di opinione politica o di ogni altra opinione, di origine nazionale o sociale, di ricchezza, di nascita o di ogni altra circostanza,

Recalling that, in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the United Nations has proclaimed that childhood is entitled to special care and assistance,

Rammentando che nella Dichiarazione Universale dei Diritti dell’Uomo le Nazioni Unite hanno proclamato che l’infanzia ha diritto a un aiuto e a un'assistenza particolari,

Convinced that the family, as the fundamental group of society and the natural environment for the growth and well-being of all its members and particularly children, should be afforded the necessary protection and assistance so that it can fully assume its responsibilities within the community,

Convinti che la famiglia, unità fondamentale della società e ambiente naturale per la crescita e il benessere di tutti i suoi membri e in particolare dei fanciulli, deve ricevere la protezione e l’assistenza di cui necessita per poter svolgere integralmente il suo ruolo nella collettività,

Recognizing that the child, for the full and harmonious development of his or her personality, should grow up in a family environment, in an atmosphere of happiness, love and understanding,

Riconoscendo che il fanciullo ai fini dello sviluppo armonioso e completo della sua personalità deve crescere in un ambiente familiare in un clima di felicità, di amore e di comprensione,

Considering that the child should be fully prepared to live an individual life in society and brought up in the spirit of the ideals proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations and in particular in the spirit of peace, dignity, tolerance, freedom, equality and solidarity,

In considerazione del fatto che occorre preparare pienamente il fanciullo ad avere una sua vita individuale nella società, ed educarlo nello spirito degli ideali proclamati nella Carta delle Nazioni Unite, in particolare in uno spirito di pace, di dignità, di tolleranza, di libertà, di uguaglianza e di solidarietà,

Bearing in mind that the need to extend particular care to the child has been stated in the Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child of 1924 and in the Declaration of the Rights of the Child adopted by the General Assembly on 20 November 1959 and recognized in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (in particular in articles 23 and 24), in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (in particular in article 10) and in the statutes and relevant instruments of specialized agencies and international organizations concerned with the welfare of children, '

Tenendo presente che la necessità di concedere una protezione speciale al fanciullo è stata enunciata nella Dichiarazione di Ginevra del 1924 sui diritti del fanciullo e nella Dichiarazione dei Diritti del Fanciullo adottata dall’Assemblea Generale il 20 novembre 1959 e riconosciuta nella Dichiarazione Universale dei Diritti dell’Uomo, nel Patto internazionale relativo ai diritti civili e politici | in particolare negli artt. 23 e 24 | nel Patto internazionale relativo ai diritti economici, sociali e culturali | in particolare all’art. 10 | e negli Statuti e strumenti pertinenti delle Istituzioni specializzate e delle Organizzazioni internazionali che si preoccupano del benessere del fanciullo,

Bearing in mind that, as indicated in the Declaration of the Rights of the Child, "the child, by reason of his physical and mental immaturity, needs special safeguards and care, including appropriate legal protection, before as well as after birth",

Tenendo presente che, come indicato nella Dichiarazione dei Diritti dell’Uomo il fanciullo, a causa della sua mancanza di maturità fisica e intellettuale, necessita di una protezione e di cure particolari, ivi compresa una protezione legale appropriata, sia prima che dopo la nascita,

Recalling the provisions of the Declaration on Social and Legal Principles relating to the Protection and Welfare of Children, with Special Reference to Foster Placement and Adoption Nationally and Internationally; the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (The Beijing Rules) ; and the Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict,

Rammentando le disposizioni della Dichiarazione sui principi sociali e giuridici applicabili alla protezione e al benessere dei fanciulli, considerati soprattutto sotto il profilo della prassi in materia di adozione e di collocamento familiare a livello nazionale e internazionale; dell’insieme delle regole minime delle Nazioni Unite relative all’amministrazione della giustizia minorile (Regole di Pechino) e della Dichiarazione sulla protezione delle donne e dei fanciulli in periodi di emergenza e di conflitto armato,

Recognizing that, in all countries in the world, there are children living in exceptionally difficult conditions and that such children need special consideration,

Riconoscendo che vi sono in tutti i paesi del mondo fanciulli che vivono in condizioni particolarmente difficili e che è necessario prestare loro una particolare attenzione,

Taking due account of the importance of the traditions and cultural values of each people for the protection and harmonious development of the child,

Tenendo debitamente conto dell’importanza delle tradizioni e dei valori culturali di ciascun popolo per la protezione e lo sviluppo armonioso del fanciullo,

Recognizing the importance of international co-operation for improving the living conditions of children in every country, in particular in the developing countries,

Riconoscendo l’importanza della cooperazione internazionale per il miglioramento delle condizioni di vita dei fanciulli in tutti i paesi, in particolare nei paesi in via di sviluppo,

Have agreed as follows:

Hanno convenuto quanto segue:

Part I

   PRIMA PARTE

Article 1

Articolo 1

For the purposes of the present Convention, a child means every human being below the age of eighteen years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier.

   Ai sensi della presente Convenzione si intende per fanciullo ogni essere umano avente un’età inferiore a diciott’anni, salvo se abbia raggiunto prima la maturità in virtù della legislazione applicabile.

Article 2

Articolo 2

1. States Parties shall respect and ensure the rights set forth in the present Convention to each child within their jurisdiction without discrimination of any kind, irrespective of the child's or his or her parent's or legal guardian's race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, property, disability, birth or other status.

1. Gli Stati parti si impegnano a rispettare i diritti enunciati nella presente Convenzione e a garantirli a ogni fanciullo che dipende dalla loro giurisdizione, senza distinzione di sorta e a prescindere da ogni considerazione di razza, di colore, di sesso, di lingua, di religione, di opinione politica o altra del fanciullo o dei suoi genitori o rappresentanti legali, dalla loro origine nazionale, etnica o sociale, dalla loro situazione finanziaria, dalla loro incapacità, dalla loro nascita o da ogni altra circostanza.

2. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that the child is protected against all forms of discrimination or punishment on the basis of the status, activities, expressed opinions, or beliefs of the child's parents, legal guardians, or family members.

2. Gli Stati parti adottano tutti i provvedimenti appropriati affinché il fanciullo sia effettivamente tutelato contro ogni forma di discriminazione o di sanzione motivate dalla condizione sociale, dalle attività, opinioni professate o convinzioni dei suoi genitori, dei suoi rappresentanti legali o dei suoi familiari.

Article 3

Articolo 3

1. In all actions concerning children, whether undertaken by public or private social welfare institutions, courts of law, administrative authorities or legislative bodies, the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration.

1. In tutte le decisioni relative ai fanciulli, di competenza delle istituzioni pubbliche o private di assistenza sociale, dei tribunali, delle autorità amministrative o degli organi legislativi, l’interesse superiore del fanciullo deve essere una considerazione preminente.

2. States Parties undertake to ensure the child such protection and care as is necessary for his or her well-being, taking into account the rights and duties of his or her parents, legal guardians, or other individuals legally responsible for him or her, and, to this end, shall take all appropriate legislative and administrative measures.

2. Gli Stati parti si impegnano ad assicurare al fanciullo la protezione e le cure necessarie al suo benessere, in considerazione dei diritti e dei doveri dei suoi genitori, dei suoi tutori o di altre persone che hanno la sua responsabilità legale, e a tal fine essi adottano tutti i provvedimenti legislativi e amministrativi appropriati.

3. States Parties shall ensure that the institutions, services and facilities responsible for the care or protection of children shall conform with the standards established by competent authorities, particularly in the areas of safety, health, in the number and suitability of their staff, as well as competent supervision.

3. Gli Stati parti vigilano affinché il funzionamento delle istituzioni, servizi e istituti che hanno la responsabilità dei fanciulli e che provvedono alla loro protezione sia conforme alle norme stabilite dalle autorità competenti in particolare nell’ambito della sicurezza e della salute e per quanto riguarda il numero e la competenza del loro personale nonché l’esistenza di un adeguato controllo.

Article 4

Articolo 4

States Parties shall undertake all appropriate legislative, administrative and other measures for the implementation of the rights recognized in the present Convention. With regard to economic, social and cultural rights, States Parties shall undertake such measures to the maximum extent of their available resources and, where needed, within the framework of international co-operation.

Gli Stati parti si impegnano ad adottare tutti i provvedimenti legislativi, amministrativi e altri, necessari per attuare i diritti riconosciuti dalla presente Convenzione. Trattandosi di diritti economici, sociali e culturali essi adottano tali provvedimenti entro i limiti delle risorse di cui dispongono e, se del caso, nell’ambito della cooperazione internazionale.

Article 5

Articolo 5

States Parties shall respect the responsibilities, rights and duties of parents or, where applicable, the members of the extended family or community as provided for by local custom, legal guardians or other persons legally responsible for the child, to provide, in a manner consistent with the evolving capacities of the child, appropriate direction and guidance in the exercise by the child of the rights recognized in the present Convention.

Gli Stati parti rispettano la responsabilità, il diritto e il dovere dei genitori o, se del caso, dei membri della famiglia allargata o della collettività, come previsto dagli usi locali, dei tutori o altre persone legalmente responsabili del fanciullo, di dare a quest’ultimo, in maniera corrispondente allo sviluppo delle sue capacità, l’orientamento e i consigli adeguati all’esercizio dei diritti che gli sono riconosciuti dalla presente Convenzione.

Article 6

Articolo 6

1. States Parties recognize that every child has the inherent right to life.

1. Gli Stati parti riconoscono che ogni fanciullo ha un diritto inerente alla vita.

2. States Parties shall ensure to the maximum extent possible the survival and development of the child.

2. Gli Stati parti assicurano in tutta la misura del possibile la sopravvivenza e lo sviluppo del fanciullo.

Article 7

Articolo 7

1. The child shall be registered immediately after birth and shall have the right from birth to a name, the right to acquire a nationality and. as far as possible, the right to know and be cared for by his or her parents.

1. Il fanciullo è registrato immediatamente al momento della sua nascita e da allora ha diritto a un nome, ad acquisire una cittadinanza e, nella misura del possibile, a conoscere i suoi genitori e a essere allevato da essi.

2. States Parties shall ensure the implementation of these rights in accordance with their national law and their obligations under the relevant international instruments in this field, in particular where the child would otherwise be stateless.

2. Gli Stati parti vigilano affinché questi diritti siano attuati in conformità con la loro legislazione nazionale e con gli obblighi che sono imposti loro dagli strumenti internazionali applicabili in materia, in particolare nei casi in cui, se ciò non fosse fatto, il fanciullo verrebbe a trovarsi apolide.

Article 8

Articolo 8

1. States Parties undertake to respect the right of the child to preserve his or her identity, including nationality, name and family relations as recognized by law without unlawful interference.

1. Gli Stati parti si impegnano a rispettare il diritto del fanciullo a preservare la propria identità, ivi compresa la sua nazionalità, il suo nome e le sue relazioni familiari, così come riconosciute dalla legge, senza ingerenze illegali.

2. Where a child is illegally deprived of some or all of the elements of his or her identity, States Parties shall provide appropriate assistance and protection, with a view to re-establishing speedily his or her identity.

2. Se un fanciullo è illegalmente privato degli elementi costitutivi della sua identità o di alcuni di essi, gli Stati parti devono concedergli adeguata assistenza e protezione affinché la sua identità sia ristabilita il più rapidamente possibile.

Article 9

Articolo 9

1. States Parties shall ensure that a child shall not be separated from his or her parents against their will, except when competent authorities subject to judicial review determine, in accordance with applicable law and procedures, that such separation is necessary for the best interests of the child. Such determination may be necessary in a particular case such as one involving abuse or neglect of the child by the parents, or one where the parents are living separately and a decision must be made as to the child's place of residence.

1. Gli Stati parti vigilano affinché il fanciullo non sia separato dai suoi genitori contro la loro volontà a meno che le autorità competenti non decidano, sotto riserva di revisione giudiziaria e conformemente con le leggi di procedura applicabili, che questa separazione è necessaria nell’interesse preminente del fanciullo. Una decisione in questo senso può essere necessaria in taluni casi particolari, ad esempio quando i genitori maltrattino o trascurino il fanciullo, oppure se vivano separati e una decisione debba essere presa riguardo al luogo di residenza del fanciullo.

2. In any proceedings pursuant to paragraph 1 of the present article, all interested parties shall be given an opportunity to participate in the proceedings and make their views known.

2. In tutti i casi previsti al paragrafo 1 del presente articolo, tutte le parti interessate devono avere la possibilità di partecipare alle deliberazioni e di far conoscere le loro opinioni.

3. States Parties shall respect the right of the child who is separated from one or both parents to maintain personal relations and direct contact with both parents on a regular basis, except if it is contrary to the child's best interests.

3. Gli Stati parti rispettano il diritto del fanciullo separato da entrambi i genitori o da uno di essi di intrattenere regolarmente rapporti personali e contatti diretti con entrambi i genitori, a meno che ciò non sia contrario all’interesse preminente del fanciullo.

4. Where such separation results from any action initiated by a State Party, such as the detention, imprisonment, exile, deportation or death (including death arising from any cause while the person is in the custody of the State) of one or both parents or of the child, that State Party shall, upon request, provide the parents, the child or, if appropriate, another member of the family with the essential information concerning the whereabouts of the absent member(s) of the family unless the provision of the information would be detrimental to the well-being of the child. States Parties shall further ensure that the submission of such a request shall of itself entail no adverse consequences for the person(s) concerned.

4. Se la separazione è il risultato di provvedimenti adottati da uno Stato parte, come la detenzione, l’imprigionamento, l’esilio, l’espulsione o la morte (compresa la morte, quale che ne sia la causa, sopravvenuta durante la detenzione) di entrambi i genitori o di uno di essi, o del fanciullo, lo Stato parte fornisce dietro richiesta ai genitori, al fanciullo oppure, se del caso, a un altro membro della famiglia, le informazioni essenziali concernenti il luogo dove si trovano il familiare o i familiari, a meno che la divulgazione di tali informazioni possa mettere a repentaglio il benessere del fanciullo. Gli Stati parti vigilano inoltre affinché la presentazione di tale domanda non comporti di per sé conseguenze pregiudizievoli per la persona o per le persone interessate.

Article 10

Articolo 10

1. In accordance with the obligation of States Parties under article 9, paragraph 1, applications by a child or his or her parents to enter or leave a State Party for the purpose of family reunification shall be dealt with by States Parties in a positive, humane and expeditious manner. States Parties shall further ensure that the submission of such a request shall entail no adverse consequences for the applicants and for the members of their family.

1. In conformità con l’obbligo che incombe agli Stati parti in virtù del paragrafo 1 dell’art. 9, ogni domanda presentata da un fanciullo o dai suoi genitori in vista di entrare in uno Stato parte o di lasciarlo ai fini di un ricongiungimento familiare sarà considerata con uno spirito positivo, con umanità e diligenza. Gli Stati parti vigilano inoltre affinché la presentazione di tale domanda non comporti conseguenze pregiudizievoli per gli autori della domanda e per i loro familiari.

2. A child whose parents reside in different States shall have the right to maintain on a regular basis, save in exceptional circumstances personal relations and direct contacts with both parents. Towards that end and in accordance with the obligation of States Parties under article 9, paragraph 1, States Parties shall respect the right of the child and his or her parents to leave any country, including their own and to enter their own country. The right to leave any country shall be subject only to such restrictions as are prescribed by law and which are necessary to protect the national security, public order (ordre public), public health or morals or the rights and freedoms of others and are consistent with the other rights recognized in the present Convention.

2. Un fanciullo i cui genitori risiedono in Stati diversi ha diritto a intrattenere rapporti personali e contatti diretti regolari con entrambi i suoi genitori, salve circostanze eccezionali. A tal fine, e in conformità con l’obbligo incombente agli Stati parti, in virtù del paragrafo 1 dell’art.9, gli Stati parti rispettano il diritto del fanciullo e dei suoi genitori di abbandonare ogni paese, compreso il loro e di fare ritorno nel proprio paese. Il diritto di abbandonare ogni paese può essere regolamentato solo dalle limitazioni stabilite dalla legislazione, necessarie ai fini della protezione della sicurezza interna, dell’ordine pubblico, della salute o della moralità pubbliche, o dei diritti e delle libertà altrui, compatibili con gli altri diritti riconosciuti nella presente Convenzione.

Article 11

Articolo 11

1. States Parties shall take measures to combat the illicit transfer and non-return of children abroad.

1. Gli Stati parti adottano provvedimenti per impedire gli spostamenti e i non-ritorni illeciti di fanciulli all’estero.

2. To this end, States Parties shall promote the conclusion of bilateral or multilateral agreements or accession to existing agreements.

2. A tal fine, gli Stati parti favoriscono la conclusione di accordi bilaterali o multilaterali oppure l’adesione ad accordi esistenti.

Article 12

Articolo 12

1. States Parties shall assure to the child who is capable of forming his or her own views the right to express those views freely in all matters affecting the child, the views of the child being given due weight in accordance with the age and maturity of the child.

1. Gli Stati parti garantiscono al fanciullo capace di discernimento il diritto di esprimere liberamente la sua opinione su ogni questione che lo interessa, le opinioni del fanciullo essendo debitamente prese in considerazione tenendo conto della sua età e del suo grado di maturità.

2. For this purpose, the child shall in particular be provided the opportunity to be heard in any judicial and administrative proceedings affecting the child, either directly, or through a representative or an appropriate body, in a manner consistent with the procedural rules of national law.

2. A tal fine, si darà in particolare al fanciullo la possibilità di essere ascoltato in ogni procedura giudiziaria o amministrativa che lo concerne, sia direttamente, sia tramite un rappresentante o un organo appropriato, in maniera compatibile con le regole di procedura della legislazione nazionale.

Article 13

Articolo 13

1. The child shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of the child's choice.

1. Il fanciullo ha diritto alla libertà di espressione. Questo diritto comprende la libertà di ricercare, di ricevere e di divulgare informazioni e idee di ogni specie, indipendentemente dalle frontiere, sotto forma orale, scritta, stampata o artistica, o con ogni altro mezzo a scelta del fanciullo.

2. The exercise of this right may be subject to certain restrictions, but these shall only be such as are provided by law and are necessary:

2. L’esercizio di questo diritto può essere regolamentato unicamente dalle limitazioni stabilite dalla legge e che sono necessarie:

(a) For respect of the rights or reputations of others; or

a) al rispetto dei diritti o della reputazione altrui; oppure

(b) For the protection of national security or of public order (ordre public), or of public health or morals.

b) alla salvaguardia della sicurezza nazionale, dell’ordine pubblico, della salute o della moralità pubbliche.

Article 14

Articolo 14

1. States Parties shall respect the right of the child to freedom of thought, conscience and religion.

1. Gli Stati parti rispettano il diritto del fanciullo alla libertà di pensiero, di coscienza e di religione.

2. States Parties shall respect the rights and duties of the parents and, when applicable, legal guardians, to provide direction to the child in the exercise of his or her right in a manner consistent with the evolving capacities of the child.

2. Gli Stati parti rispettano il diritto e il dovere dei genitori oppure, se del caso, dei tutori legali, di guidare il fanciullo nell’esercizio del summenzionato diritto in maniera che corrisponda allo sviluppo delle sue capacità.

3. Freedom to manifest one's religion or beliefs may be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary to protect public safety, order, health or morals, or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others.

3. La libertà di manifestare la propria religione o convinzioni può essere soggetta unicamente alle limitazioni prescritte dalla legge, necessarie ai fini del mantenimento della sicurezza pubblica, dell’ordine pubblico, della sanità e della moralità pubbliche, oppure delle libertà e diritti fondamentali dell’uomo.

Article 15

Articolo 15

1. States Parties recognize the rights of the child to freedom of association and to freedom of peaceful assembly.

1. Gli Stati parti riconoscono i diritti del fanciullo alla libertà di associazione e alla libertà di riunirsi pacificamente.

2. No restrictions may be placed on the exercise of these rights other than those imposed in conformity with the law and which are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or public safety, public order (ordre public), the protection of public health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.

2. L’esercizio di tali diritti può essere oggetto unicamente delle limitazioni stabilite dalla legge, necessarie in una società democratica nell’interesse della sicurezza nazionale, della sicurezza o dell’ordine pubblico, oppure per tutelare la sanità o la moralità pubbliche, o i diritti e le libertà altrui.

Article 16

Articolo 16

1. No child shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his or her privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks on his or her honour and reputation.

1. Nessun fanciullo sarà oggetto di interferenze arbitrarie o illegali nella sua vita privata, nella sua famiglia, nel suo domicilio o nella sua corrispondenza, e neppure di affronti illegali al suo onore e alla sua reputazione.

2. The child has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.

2. Il fanciullo ha diritto alla protezione della legge contro tali interferenze o tali affronti.

Article 17

Articolo 17

States Parties recognize the important function performed by the mass media and shall ensure that the child has access to information and material from a diversity of national and international sources, especially those aimed at the promotion of his or her social, spiritual and moral well-being and physical and mental health. To this end, States Parties shall:

Gli Stati parti riconoscono l’importanza della funzione esercitata dai mass media e vigilano affinché il fanciullo possa accedere a una informazione e a materiali provenienti da fonti nazionali e internazionali varie, soprattutto se finalizzati a promuovere il suo benessere sociale, spirituale e morale nonché la sua salute fisica e mentale. A tal fine, gli Stati parti:

(a) Encourage the mass media to disseminate information and material of social and cultural benefit to the child and in accordance with the spirit of article 29;

a) incoraggiano i mass media a divulgare informazioni e materiali che hanno una utilità sociale e culturale per il fanciullo e corrispondono allo spirito dell’art. 29;

(b) Encourage international co-operation in the production, exchange and dissemination of such information and material from a diversity of cultural, national and international sources;

b) incoraggiano la cooperazione internazionale in vista di produrre, di scambiare e di divulgare informazioni e materiali di questo tipo provenienti da varie fonti culturali, nazionali e internazionali;

(c) Encourage the production and dissemination of children's books;

c) incoraggiano la produzione e la diffusione di libri per l’infanzia;

(d) Encourage the mass media to have particular regard to the linguistic needs of the child who belongs to a minority group or who is indigenous;

d) incoraggiano i mass media a tenere conto in particolar modo delle esigenze linguistiche dei fanciulli appartenenti a un gruppo minoritari o autoctoni;

(e) Encourage the development of appropriate guidelines for the protection of the child from information and material injurious to his or her well-being, bearing in mind the provisions of articles 13 and 18.

e) favoriscono l’elaborazione di principi direttivi appropriati destinati a proteggere il fanciullo dalle informazioni e dai materiali che nuocciono al suo benessere in considerazione delle disposizioni degli artt. 13 e 18.

Article 18

Articolo 18

1. States Parties shall use their best efforts to ensure recognition of the principle that both parents have common responsibilities for the upbringing and development of the child. Parents or, as the case may be, legal guardians, have the primary responsibility for the upbringing and development of the child. The best interests of the child will be their basic concern.

1. Gli Stati parti faranno del loro meglio per garantire il riconoscimento del principio secondo il quale entrambi i genitori hanno una responsabilità comune per quanto riguarda l’educazione del fanciullo e il provvedere al suo sviluppo. La responsabilità di allevare il fanciullo e di provvedere al suo sviluppo incombe innanzitutto ai genitori oppure, se del caso, ai suoi tutori legali i quali devono essere guidati principalmente dall’interesse preminente del fanciullo.

2. For the purpose of guaranteeing and promoting the rights set forth in the present Convention, States Parties shall render appropriate assistance to parents and legal guardians in the performance of their child-rearing responsibilities and shall ensure the development of institutions, facilities and services for the care of children.

2. Al fine di garantire e di promuovere i diritti enunciati nella presente Convenzione, gli Stati parti accordano gli aiuti appropriati ai genitori e ai tutori legali nell’esercizio della responsabilità che incombe loro di allevare il fanciullo e provvedono alla creazione di istituzioni, istituti e servizi incaricati di vigilare sul benessere del fanciullo.

3. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that children of working parents have the right to benefit from child-care services and facilities for which they are eligible.

3. Gli Stati parti adottano ogni appropriato provvedimento per garantire ai fanciulli i cui genitori lavorano il diritto di beneficiare dei servizi e degli istituti di assistenza all’infanzia, per i quali essi abbiano i requisiti necessari.

Article 19

Articolo 19

1. States Parties shall take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation, including sexual abuse, while in the care of parent(s), legal guardian(s) or any other person who has the care of the child.

1. Gli Stati parti adottano ogni misura legislativa, amministrativa, sociale ed educativa per tutelare il fanciullo contro ogni forma di violenza, di oltraggio o di brutalità fisiche o mentali, di abbandono o di negligenza, di maltrattamenti o di sfruttamento, compresa la violenza sessuale, per tutto il tempo in cui è affidato all’uno o all’altro, o a entrambi, i genitori, al suo tutore legale (o tutori legali), oppure a ogni altra persona che abbia il suo affidamento.

2. Such protective measures should, as appropriate, include effective procedures for the establishment of social programmes to provide necessary support for the child and for those who have the care of the child, as well as for other forms of prevention and for identification, reporting, referral, investigation, treatment and follow-up of instances of child maltreatment described heretofore, and, as appropriate, for judicial involvement.

2. Le suddette misure di protezione comporteranno, in caso di necessità, procedure efficaci per la creazione di programmi sociali finalizzati a fornire l’appoggio necessario al fanciullo e a coloro ai quali egli è affidato, nonché per altre forme di prevenzione, e ai fini dell’individuazione, del rapporto, dell’arbitrato, dell’inchiesta, della trattazione e dei seguiti da dare ai casi di maltrattamento del fanciullo di cui sopra; esse dovranno altresì includere, se necessario, procedure di intervento giudiziario.

Article 20

Articolo 20

1. A child temporarily or permanently deprived of his or her family environment, or in whose own best interests cannot be allowed to remain in that environment, shall be entitled to special protection and assistance provided by the State.

1. Ogni fanciullo il quale è temporaneamente o definitivamente privato del suo ambiente familiare oppure che non può essere lasciato in tale ambiente nel suo proprio interesse, ha diritto a una protezione e ad aiuti speciali dello Stato.

2. States Parties shall in accordance with their national laws ensure alternative care for such a child.

2. Gli Stati parti prevedono per questo fanciullo una protezione sostitutiva, in conformità con la loro legislazione nazionale.

3. Such care could include, inter alia, foster placement, kafalah of Islamic law, adoption or if necessary placement in suitable institutions for the care of children. When considering solutions, due regard shall be paid to the desirability of continuity in a child's upbringing and to the child's ethnic, religious, cultural and linguistic background.

3. Tale protezione sostitutiva può in particolare concretizzarsi per mezzo dell'affidamento familiare, della kafalah di diritto islamico, dell’adozione o, in caso di necessità, del collocamento in adeguati istituti per l’infanzia. Nell’effettuare una selezione tra queste soluzioni si terrà debitamente conto della necessità di una certa continuità nell’educazione del fanciullo, nonché della sua origine etnica, religiosa, culturale e linguistica.

Article 21

Articolo 21

States Parties that recognize and/or permit the system of adoption shall ensure that the best interests of the child shall be the paramount consideration and they shall:

Gli Stati parti che ammettono e/o autorizzano l’adozione si accertano che l’interesse superiore del fanciullo sia la considerazione fondamentale in materia e:

(a) Ensure that the adoption of a child is authorized only by competent authorities who determine, in accordance with applicable law and procedures and on the basis of all pertinent and reliable information, that the adoption is permissible in view of the child's status concerning parents, relatives and legal guardians and that, if required, the persons concerned have given their informed consent to the adoption on the basis of such counselling as may be necessary;

a) vigilano affinché l’adozione di un fanciullo sia autorizzata solo dalle autorità competenti le quali verificano, in conformità con la legge e con le procedure applicabili e in base a tutte le informazioni affidabili relative al caso in esame, che l’adozione può essere effettuata in considerazione della situazione del bambino in rapporto al padre e alla madre, genitori e tutori legali e che, ove fosse necessario, le persone interessate hanno dato il loro consenso all’adozione in cognizione di causa, dopo aver acquisito i pareri necessari;

(b) Recognize that inter-country adoption may be considered as an alternative means of child's care, if the child cannot be placed in a foster or an adoptive family or cannot in any suitable manner be cared for in the child's country of origin;

b) riconoscono che l’adozione all’estero può essere presa in considerazione come un altro mezzo per garantire le cure necessarie al fanciullo, qualora quest’ultimo non possa essere affidato a una famiglia affidataria o adottiva oppure essere allevato in maniera adeguata nel paese d'origine;

(c) Ensure that the child concerned by inter-country adoption enjoys safeguards and standards equivalent to those existing in the case of national adoption;

c) vigilano, in caso di adozione all’estero, affinché il fanciullo abbia il beneficio di garanzie e di norme equivalenti a quelle esistenti per le adozioni nazionali;

(d) Take all appropriate measures to ensure that, in inter-country adoption, the placement does not result in improper financial gain for those involved in it;

d) adottano ogni adeguata misura per vigilare affinché, in caso di adozione all’estero, il collocamento del fanciullo non diventi fonte di profitto materiale indebito per le persone che ne sono responsabili;

(e) Promote, where appropriate, the objectives of the present article by concluding bilateral or multilateral arrangements or agreements and endeavour, within this framework, to ensure that the placement of the child in another country is carried out by competent authorities or organs.

e) perseguono le finalità del presente articolo stipulando accordi o intese bilaterali o multilaterali a seconda dei casi, e si sforzano in questo contesto di vigilare affinché le sistemazioni di fanciulli all’estero siano effettuate dalle autorità o dagli organi competenti.

Article 22

Articolo 22

1. States Parties shall take appropriate measures to ensure that a child who is seeking refugee status or who is considered a refugee in accordance with applicable international or domestic law and procedures shall, whether unaccompanied or accompanied by his or her parents or by any other person, receive appropriate protection and humanitarian assistance in the enjoyment of applicable rights set forth in the present Convention and in other international human rights or humanitarian instruments to which the said States are Parties.

1. Gli Stati parti adottano misure adeguate affinché il fanciullo il quale cerca di ottenere lo statuto di rifugiato, oppure è considerato come rifugiato ai sensi delle regole e delle procedure del diritto internazionale o nazionale applicabile, solo o accompagnato dal padre o dalla madre o da ogni altra persona, possa beneficiare della protezione e della assistenza umanitaria necessarie per consentirgli di usufruire dei diritti che gli sono riconosciuti della presente Convenzione e dagli altri strumenti internazionali relativi ai diritti dell’uomo o di natura umanitaria di cui detti Stati sono parti.

2. For this purpose, States Parties shall provide, as they consider appropriate, co-operation in any efforts by the United Nations and other competent intergovernmental organizations or non-governmental organizations co-operating with the United Nations to protect and assist such a child and to trace the parents or other members of the family of any refugee child in order to obtain information necessary for reunification with his or her family. In cases where no parents or other members of the family can be found, the child shall be accorded the same protection as any other child permanently or temporarily deprived of his or her family environment for any reason, as set forth in the present Convention.

2. A tal fine, gli Stati parti collaborano, nelle forme giudicate necessarie, a tutti gli sforzi compiuti dall’Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite e dalle altre organizzazioni intergovernative o non governative competenti che collaborano con l’Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite, per proteggere e aiutare i fanciulli che si trovano in tale situazione e per ricercare i genitori o altri familiari di ogni fanciullo rifugiato al fine di ottenere le informazioni necessarie per ricongiungerlo alla sua famiglia. Se il padre, la madre o ogni altro familiare sono irreperibili, al fanciullo sarà concessa, secondo i principi enunciati nella presente Convenzione, la stessa protezione di quella di ogni altro fanciullo definitivamente oppure temporaneamente privato del suo ambiente familiare per qualunque motivo.

Article 23

Articolo 23

1. States Parties recognize that a mentally or physically disabled child should enjoy a full and decent life, in conditions which ensure dignity, promote self-reliance and facilitate the child's active participation in the community.

1. Gli Stati parti riconoscono che i fanciulli mentalmente o fisicamente handicappati devono condurre una vita piena e decente, in condizioni che garantiscano la loro dignità, favoriscano la loro autonomia e agevolino una loro attiva partecipazione alla vita della comunità.

2. States Parties recognize the right of the disabled child to special care and shall encourage and ensure the extension, subject to available resources, to the eligible child and those responsible for his or her care, of assistance for which application is made and which is appropriate to the child's condition and to the circumstances of the parents or others caring for the child

2. Gli Stati parti riconoscono il diritto dei fanciulli handicappati di beneficiare di cure speciali e incoraggiano e garantiscono, in considerazione delle risorse disponibili, la concessione, dietro richiesta, ai fanciulli handicappati in possesso dei requisiti richiesti, e a coloro i quali ne hanno la custodia, di un aiuto adeguato alle condizioni del fanciullo e alla situazione dei suoi genitori o di coloro ai quali egli è affidato.

. 3. Recognizing the special needs of a disabled child, assistance extended in accordance with paragraph 2 of the present article shall be provided free of charge, whenever possible, taking into account the financial resources of the parents or others caring for the child and shall be designed to ensure that the disabled child has effective access to and receives education, training, health care services, rehabilitation services, preparation for employment and recreation opportunities in a manner conducive to the child's achieving the fullest possible social integration and individual development, including his or her cultural and spiritual development

3. In considerazione delle particolari esigenze dei minori handicappati, l’aiuto fornito in conformità con il paragrafo 2 del presente articolo è gratuito ogni qualvolta ciò sia possibile, tenendo conto delle risorse finanziarie dei loro genitori o di coloro ai quali il minore è affidato. Tale aiuto è concepito in modo tale che i minori handicappati abbiano effettivamente accesso alla educazione, alla formazione, alle cure sanitarie, alla riabilitazione, alla preparazione al lavoro e alle attività ricreative e possano beneficiare di questi servizi in maniera atta a concretizzare la più completa integrazione sociale e il loro sviluppo personale, anche nell’ambito culturale e spirituale.

4. States Parties shall promote, in the spirit of international cooperation, the exchange of appropriate information in the field of preventive health care and of medical, psychological and functional treatment of disabled children, including dissemination of and access to information concerning methods of rehabilitation, education and vocational services, with the aim of enabling States Parties to improve their capabilities and skills and to widen their experience in these areas. In this regard, particular account shall be taken of the needs of developing countries.

4. In uno spirito di cooperazione internazionale, gli Stati parti favoriscono lo scambio di informazioni pertinenti nel settore delle cure sanitarie preventive e del trattamento medico, psicologico e funzionale dei minori handicappati, anche mediante la divulgazione di informazioni concernenti i metodi di riabilitazione e i servizi di formazione professionale, nonché l’accesso a tali dati, in vista di consentire agli Stati parti di migliorare le proprie capacità e competenze e di allargare la loro esperienza in tali settori. A tal riguardo, si terrà conto in particolare delle necessità dei paesi in via di sviluppo.

Article 24

Articolo 24

1. States Parties recognize the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health and to facilities for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health. States Parties shall strive to ensure that no child is deprived of his or her right of access to such health care services.

1. Gli Stati parti riconoscono il diritto del minore di godere del miglior stato di salute possibile e di beneficiare di servizi medici e di riabilitazione. Essi si sforzano di garantire che nessun minore sia privato del diritto di avere accesso a tali servizi.

2. States Parties shall pursue full implementation of this right and, in particular, shall take appropriate measures:

2. Gli Stati parti si sforzano di garantire l’attuazione integrale del summenzionato diritto e in particolare adottano ogni adeguato provvedimento per:

(a) To diminish infant and child mortality;

a) diminuire la mortalità tra i bambini lattanti e i fanciulli;

(b) To ensure the provision of necessary medical assistance and health care to all children with emphasis on the development of primary health care;

b) assicurare a tutti i minori l’assistenza medica e le cure sanitarie necessarie, con particolare attenzione per lo sviluppo delle cure sanitarie primarie;

(c) To combat disease and malnutrition, including within the framework of primary health care, through, inter alia, the application of readily available technology and through the provision of adequate nutritious foods and clean drinking-water, taking into consideration the dangers and risks of environmental pollution;

c) lottare contro la malattia e la malnutrizione, anche nell’ambito delle cure sanitarie primarie, in particolare mediante l’utilizzazione di tecniche agevolmente disponibili e la fornitura di alimenti nutritivi e di acqua potabile, tenendo conto dei pericoli e dei rischi di inquinamento dell’ambiente naturale;

(d) To ensure appropriate pre-natal and post-natal health care for mothers;

d) garantire alle madri adeguate cure prenatali e postnatali;

(e) To ensure that all segments of society, in particular parents and children, are informed, have access to education and are supported in the use of basic knowledge of child health and nutrition, the advantages of breastfeeding, hygiene and environmental sanitation and the prevention of accidents;

e) fare in modo che tutti i gruppi della società, in particolare i genitori e i minori, ricevano informazioni sulla salute e sulla nutrizione del minore, sui vantaggi dell’allattamento al seno, sull’igiene e sulla salubrità dell’ambiente e sulla prevenzione degli incidenti e beneficino di un aiuto che consenta loro di mettere in pratica tali informazioni;

(f) To develop preventive health care, guidance for parents and family planning education and services.

f) sviluppare le cure sanitarie preventive, i consigli ai genitori e l’educazione e i servizi in materia di pianificazione familiare.

3. States Parties shall take all effective and appropriate measures with a view to abolishing traditional practices prejudicial to the health of children.

3. Gli Stati parti adottano ogni misura efficace atta ad abolire le pratiche tradizionali pregiudizievoli per la salute dei minori.

4. States Parties undertake to promote and encourage international co-operation with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of the right recognized in the present article. In this regard, particular account shall be taken of the needs of developing countries.

4. Gli Stati parti si impegnano a favorire e incoraggiare la cooperazione internazionale in vista di ottenere gradualmente una completa attuazione del diritto riconosciuto nel presente articolo. A tal fine saranno tenute in particolare considerazione le necessità dei paesi in via di sviluppo.

Article 25

Articolo 25

States Parties recognize the right of a child who has been placed by the competent authorities for the purposes of care, protection or treatment of his or her physical or mental health, to a periodic review of the treatment provided to the child and all other circumstances relevant to his or her placement.

Gli Stati parti riconoscono al fanciullo che è stato collocato dalla autorità competente al fine di ricevere cure, una protezione oppure una terapia fisica o mentale, il diritto a una verifica periodica di detta terapia e di ogni altra circostanza relativa alla sua collocazione.

Article 26

Articolo 26

1. States Parties shall recognize for every child the right to benefit from social security, including social insurance and shall take the necessary measures to achieve the full realization of this right in accordance with their national law.

1. Gli Stati parti riconoscono a ogni fanciullo il diritto di beneficiare della sicurezza sociale, compresa la previdenza sociale, e adottano le misure necessarie per garantire una completa attuazione di questo diritto in conformità con la loro legislazione nazionale.

2. The benefits should, where appropriate, be granted, taking into account the resources and the circumstances of the child and persons having responsibility for the maintenance of the child, as well as any other consideration relevant to an application for benefits made by or on behalf of the child.

2. Le prestazioni, se necessarie, dovranno essere concesse in considerazione delle risorse e della situazione del minore e delle persone responsabili del suo mantenimento e tenendo conto di ogni altra considerazione relativa a una domanda di prestazione effettuata dal fanciullo o per suo conto.

Article 27

Articolo 27

1. States Parties recognize the right of every child to a standard of living adequate for the child's physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social development.

1. Gli Stati parti riconoscono il diritto di ogni fanciullo a un livello di vita sufficiente per consentire il suo sviluppo fisico, mentale, spirituale, morale e sociale.

2. The parent(s) or others responsible for the child have the primary responsibility to secure, within their abilities and financial capacities, the conditions of living necessary for the child's development.

2. Spetta ai genitori o ad altre persone che hanno l'affidamento del fanciullo la responsabilità fondamentale di assicurare, entro i limiti delle loro possibilità e dei loro mezzi finanziari, le condizioni di vita necessarie allo sviluppo del fanciullo.

3. States Parties, in accordance with national conditions and within their means, shall take appropriate measures to assist parents and others responsible for the child to implement this right and shall in case of need provide material assistance and support programmes, particularly with regard to nutrition, clothing and housing.

3. Gli Stati parti adottano adeguati provvedimenti, in considerazione delle condizioni nazionali e compatibilmente con i loro mezzi, per aiutare i genitori e altre persone aventi la custodia del fanciullo ad attuare questo diritto e offrono, se del caso, un'assistenza materiale e programmi di sostegno, in particolare per quanto riguarda l’alimentazione, il vestiario e l’alloggio.

4. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to secure the recovery of maintenance for the child from the parents or other persons having financial responsibility for the child, both within the State Party and from abroad. In particular, where the person having financial responsibility for the child lives in a State different from that of the child, States Parties shall promote the accession to international agreements or the conclusion of such agreements, as well as the making of other appropriate arrangements.

4. Gli Stati parti adottano ogni adeguato provvedimento al fine di garantire il mantenimento del fanciullo da parte dei suoi genitori o altre persone aventi una responsabilità finanziaria nei suoi confronti, sul loro territorio o all’estero. In particolare, per tener conto dei casi in cui la persona che ha una responsabilità finanziaria nei confronti del fanciullo vive in uno Stato diverso da quello del fanciullo, gli Stati parti favoriscono l'adesione ad accordi internazionali oppure la conclusione di tali accordi, nonché l’adozione di ogni altra intesa appropriata.

Article 28

Articolo 28

1. States Parties recognize the right of the child to education and with a view to achieving this right progressively and on the basis of equal opportunity, they shall, in particular:

1. Gli Stati parti riconoscono il diritto del fanciullo all'educazione, e in particolare, al fine di garantire l’esercizio di tale diritto in misura sempre maggiore e in base all’uguaglianza delle possibilità:

(a) Make primary education compulsory and available free to all;

a) rendono l'insegnamento primario obbligatorio e gratuito per tutti;

(b) Encourage the development of different forms of secondary education, including general and vocational education, make them available and accessible to every child and take appropriate measures such as the introduction of free education and offering financial assistance in case of need;

b) incoraggiano l’organizzazione di varie forme di insegnamento secondario sia generale che professionale, che saranno aperte e accessibili a ogni fanciullo, e adottano misure adeguate come la gratuità dell’insegnamento e l’offerta di una sovvenzione finanziaria in caso di necessità;

(c) Make higher education accessible to all on the basis of capacity by every appropriate means;

c) garantiscono a tutti l’accesso all’insegnamento superiore con ogni mezzo appropriato, in funzione delle capacità di ognuno;

(d) Make educational and vocational information and guidance available and accessible to all children;

d) fanno in modo che l’informazione e l’orientamento scolastico e professionale siano aperte e accessibili a ogni fanciullo;

(e) Take measures to encourage regular attendance at schools and the reduction of drop-out rates.

e) adottano misure per promuovere la regolarità della frequenza scolastica e la diminuzione del tasso di abbandono della scuola.

2. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that school discipline is administered in a manner consistent with the child's human dignity and in conformity with the present Convention.

2. Gli Stati parti adottano ogni adeguato provvedimento per vigilare affinché la disciplina scolastica sia applicata in maniera compatibile con la dignità del fanciullo in quanto essere umano e in conformità con la presente Convenzione.

3. States Parties shall promote and encourage international cooperation in matters relating to education, in particular with a view to contributing to the elimination of ignorance and illiteracy throughout the world and facilitating access to scientific and technical knowledge and modern teaching methods. In this regard, particular account shall be taken of the needs of developing countries.

3. Gli Stati parti favoriscono e incoraggiano la cooperazione internazionale nel settore dell’educazione, in vista soprattutto di contribuire a eliminare l’ignoranza e l’analfabetismo nel mondo e facilitare l’accesso alle conoscenze scientifiche e tecniche e ai metodi di insegnamento moderni. A tal fine, si tiene conto in particolare delle necessità dei paesi in via di sviluppo.

Article 29

Articolo 29

1. States Parties agree that the education of the child shall be directed to:

1. Gli Stati parti convengono che l’educazione del fanciullo deve avere come finalità:

(a) The development of the child's personality, talents and mental and physical abilities to their fullest potential;

a) favorire lo sviluppo della personalità del fanciullo nonché lo sviluppo delle sue facoltà e delle sue attitudini mentali e fisiche, in tutta la loro potenzialità;

(b) The development of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and for the principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations;

b) sviluppare nel fanciullo il rispetto dei diritti dell’uomo e delle libertà fondamentali e dei principi consacrati nella Carta delle Nazioni Unite;

(c) The development of respect for the child's parents, his or her own cultural identity, language and values, for the national values of the country in which the child is living, the country from which he or she may originate, and for civilizations different from his or her own;

c) sviluppare nel fanciullo il rispetto dei suoi genitori, della sua identità, della sua lingua e dei suoi valori culturali, nonché il rispetto dei valori nazionali del paese nel quale vive, del paese di cui può essere originario e delle civiltà diverse dalla sua;

(d) The preparation of the child for responsible life in a free society, in the spirit of understanding, peace, tolerance, equality of sexes, and friendship among all peoples, ethnic, national and religious groups and persons of indigenous origin;

d) preparare il fanciullo ad assumere le responsabilità della vita in una società libera, in uno spirito di comprensione, di pace, di tolleranza, di uguaglianza tra i sessi e di amicizia tra tutti i popoli e gruppi etnici, nazionali e religiosi e delle persone di origine autoctona;

(e) The development of respect for the natural environment.

e) sviluppare nel fanciullo il rispetto dell’ambiente naturale.

2. No part of the present article or article 28 shall be construed so as to interfere with the liberty of individuals and bodies to establish and direct educational institutions, subject always to the observance of the principle set forth in paragraph 1 of the present article and to the requirements that the education given in such institutions shall conform to such minimum standards as may be laid down by the State.

2. Nessuna disposizione del presente articolo o dell’art.28 sarà interpretata in maniera da nuocere alla libertà delle persone fisiche o morali di creare e di dirigere istituzioni didattiche, a condizione che i principi enunciati al paragrafo 1 del presente articolo siano rispettati e che l’educazione impartita in tali istituzioni sia conforme alle norme minime prescritte dallo Stato.

Article 30

Articolo 30

In those States in which ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities or persons of indigenous origin exist, a child belonging to such a minority or who is indigenous shall not be denied the right, in community with other members of his or her group, to enjoy his or her own culture, to profess and practise his or her own religion, or to use his or her own language.

Negli Stati in cui esistono minoranze etniche, religiose o linguistiche oppure persone di origine autoctona, un fanciullo autoctono o che appartiene a una di tali minoranze non può essere privato del diritto di avere una propria vita culturale, di professare e di praticare la propria religione o di far uso della propria lingua insieme agli altri membri del suo gruppo.

Article 31

Articolo 31

1. States Parties recognize the right of the child to rest and leisure, to engage in play and recreational activities appropriate to the age of the child and to participate freely in cultural life and the arts.

1. Gli Stati parti riconoscono al fanciullo il diritto al riposo e al tempo libero, a dedicarsi al gioco e ad attività ricreative proprie della sua età e a partecipare liberamente alla vita culturale ed artistica.

2. States Parties shall respect and promote the right of the child to participate fully in cultural and artistic life and shall encourage the provision of appropriate and equal opportunities for cultural, artistic, recreational and leisure activity.

2. Gli Stati parti rispettano e favoriscono il diritto del fanciullo di partecipare pienamente alla vita culturale e artistica e incoraggiano l’organizzazione, in condizioni di uguaglianza, di mezzi appropriati di divertimento e di attività ricreative, artistiche e culturali.

Article 32

Articolo 32

1. States Parties recognize the right of the child to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child's education, or to be harmful to the child's health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development.

1. Gli Stati parti riconoscono il diritto del fanciullo di essere protetto contro lo sfruttamento economico e di non essere costretto ad alcun lavoro che comporti rischi o sia suscettibile di porre a repentaglio la sua educazione o di nuocere alla sua salute o al suo sviluppo fisico, mentale, spirituale, morale o sociale.

2. States Parties shall take legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to ensure the implementation of the present article. To this end and having regard to the relevant provisions of other international instruments, States Parties shall in particular:

2. Gli Stati parti adottano misure legislative, amministrative, sociali ed educative per garantire l’applicazione del presente articolo. A tal fine, e in considerazione delle disposizioni pertinenti degli altri strumenti internazionali, gli Stati parti, in particolare:

(a) Provide for a minimum age or minimum ages for admission to employment;

a) stabiliscono un’età minima oppure età minime di ammissione all’impiego;

(b) Provide for appropriate regulation of the hours and conditions of employment;

b) prevedono un’adeguata regolamentazione degli orari di lavoro e delle condizioni d’impiego;

(c) Provide for appropriate penalties or other sanctions to ensure the effective enforcement of the present article.

c) prevedono pene o altre sanzioni appropriate per garantire l’attuazione effettiva del presente articolo;

Article 33

Articolo 33

States Parties shall take all appropriate measures, including legislative, administrative, social and educational measures, to protect children from the illicit use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances as defined in the relevant international treaties and to prevent the use of children in the illicit production and trafficking of such substances.

Gli Stati parti adottano ogni adeguata misura, comprese misure legislative, amministrative, sociali ed educative per proteggere i fanciulli contro l’uso illecito di stupefacenti e di sostanze psicotrope, così come definite dalle Convenzioni internazionali pertinenti e per impedire che siano utilizzati fanciulli per la produzione e il traffico illecito di queste sostanze.

Article 34

Articolo 34

States Parties undertake to protect the child from all forms of sexual exploitation and sexual abuse. For these purposes, States Parties shall in particular take all appropriate national, bilateral and multilateral measures to prevent:

Gli Stati parti si impegnano a proteggere il fanciullo contro ogni forma di sfruttamento sessuale e di violenza sessuale. A tal fine, gli Stati adottano in particolare ogni adeguata misura a livello nazionale, bilaterale e multilaterale per impedire:

(a) The inducement or coercion of a child to engage in any unlawful sexual activity;

a) che dei fanciulli siano incitati o costretti a dedicarsi a una attività sessuale illegale;

(b) The exploitative use of children in prostitution or other unlawful sexual practices;

b) che dei fanciulli siano sfruttati a fini di prostituzione o di altre pratiche sessuali illegali;

(c) The exploitative use of children in pornographic performances and materials.

c) che dei fanciulli siano sfruttati ai fini della produzione di spettacoli o di materiale a carattere pornografico.

Article 35

Articolo 35

States Parties shall take all appropriate national, bilateral and multilateral measures to prevent the abduction of, the sale of or traffic in children for any purpose or in any form.

Gli Stati parti adottano ogni adeguato provvedimento a livello nazionale, bilaterale e multilaterale per impedire il rapimento, la vendita o la tratta di fanciulli per qualunque fine e sotto qualsiasi forma.

Article 36

Articolo 36

States Parties shall protect the child against all other forms of exploitation prejudicial to any aspects of the child's welfare.

Gli Stati parti proteggono il fanciullo contro ogni altra forma di sfruttamento pregiudizievole al suo benessere in ogni suo aspetto.

Article 37

Articolo 37

States Parties shall ensure that:

Gli Stati parti vigilano affinché:

(a) No child shall be subjected to torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Neither capital punishment nor life imprisonment without possibility of release shall be imposed for offences committed by persons below eighteen years of age;

a) nessun fanciullo sia sottoposto a tortura o a pene o trattamenti crudeli, inumani o degradanti. Né la pena capitale né l’imprigionamento a vita senza possibilità di rilascio devono essere decretati per reati commessi da persone di età inferiore a diciotto anni;

(b) No child shall be deprived of his or her liberty unlawfully or arbitrarily. The arrest, detention or imprisonment of a child shall be in conformity with the law and shall be used only as a measure of last resort and for the shortest appropriate period of time;

b) nessun fanciullo sia privato di libertà in maniera illegale o arbitraria. L’arresto, la detenzione o l’imprigionamento di un fanciullo devono essere effettuati in conformità con la legge, costituire un provvedimento di ultima risorsa e avere la durata più breve possibile;

(c) Every child deprived of liberty shall be treated with humanity and respect for the inherent dignity of the human person and in a manner which takes into account the needs of persons of his or her age. In particular, every child deprived of liberty shall be separated from adults unless it is considered in the child's best interest not to do so and shall have the right to maintain contact with his or her family through correspondence and visits, save in exceptional circumstances;

c) ogni fanciullo privato di libertà sia trattato con umanità e con il rispetto dovuto alla dignità della persona umana e in maniera da tener conto delle esigenze delle persone della sua età. In particolare, ogni fanciullo privato di libertà sarà separato dagli adulti, a meno che si ritenga preferibile di non farlo nell’interesse preminente del fanciullo, ed egli avrà diritto di rimanere in contatto con la sua famiglia per mezzo di corrispondenza e di visite, tranne che in circostanze eccezionali;

(d) Every child deprived of his or her liberty shall have the right to prompt access to legal and other appropriate assistance, as well as the right to challenge the legality of the deprivation of his or her liberty before a court or other competent, independent and impartial authority and to a prompt decision on any such action.

d) i fanciulli privati di libertà abbiano diritto ad avere rapidamente accesso a un’assistenza giuridica o a ogni altra assistenza adeguata, nonché il diritto di contestare la legalità della loro privazione di libertà dinanzi un Tribunale o altra autorità competente, indipendente e imparziale, e una decisione sollecita sia adottata in materia.

Article 38

Articolo 38

1. States Parties undertake to respect and to ensure respect for rules of international humanitarian law applicable to them in armed conflicts which are relevant to the child.

1. Gli Stati parti si impegnano a rispettare e a far rispettare le regole del diritto umanitario internazionale loro applicabili in caso di conflitto armato, e la cui protezione si estende ai fanciulli.

2. States Parties shall take all feasible measures to ensure that persons who have not attained the age of fifteen years do not take a direct part in hostilities.

2. Gli Stati parti adottano ogni misura possibile a livello pratico per vigilare che le persone che non hanno raggiunto l’età di quindici anni non partecipino direttamente alle ostilità.

3. States Parties shall refrain from recruiting any person who has not attained the age of fifteen years into their armed forces. In recruiting among those persons who have attained the age of fifteen years but who have not attained the age of eighteen years, States Parties shall endeavour to give priority to those who are oldest.

3. Gli Stati parti si astengono dall’arruolare nelle loro forze armate ogni persona che non ha raggiunto l’età di quindici anni. Nel reclutare persone aventi più di quindici anni ma meno di diciotto anni, gli Stati parti si sforzano di arruolare con precedenza i più anziani.

4. In accordance with their obligations under international humanitarian law to protect the civilian population in armed conflicts, States Parties shall take all feasible measures to ensure protection and care of children who are affected by an armed conflict.

4. In conformità con l’obbligo che spetta loro in virtù del diritto umanitario internazionale di proteggere la popolazione civile in caso di conflitto armato, gli Stati parti adottano ogni misura possibile a livello pratico affinché i fanciulli coinvolti in un conflitto armato possano beneficiare di cure e di protezione.

Article 39

Articolo 39

States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to promote physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration of a child victim of: any form of neglect, exploitation, or abuse; torture or any other form of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; or armed conflicts. Such recovery and reintegration shall take place in an environment which fosters the health, self-respect and dignity of the child.

Gli Stati parti adottano ogni adeguato provvedimento per agevolare il recupero fisico e psicologico e il reinserimento sociale di ogni fanciullo vittima di ogni forma di negligenza, di sfruttamento o di maltrattamenti; di torture o di ogni altra forma di pene o di trattamenti crudeli, inumani o degradanti, o di un conflitto armato. Tale recupero e reinserimento devono svolgersi in condizioni tali da favorire la salute, il rispetto della propria persona e la dignità del fanciullo.

Article 40

Articolo 40

1. States Parties recognize the right of every child alleged as, accused of, or recognized as having infringed the penal law to be treated in a manner consistent with the promotion of the child's sense of dignity and worth, which reinforces the child's respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of others and which takes into account the child's age and the desirability of promoting the child's reintegration and the child's assuming a constructive role in society.

1. Gli Stati parti riconoscono a ogni fanciullo sospettato, accusato o riconosciuto colpevole di reato penale il diritto a un trattamento tale da favorire il suo senso della dignità e del valore personale, che rafforzi il suo rispetto per i diritti dell’uomo e le libertà fondamentali e che tenga conto della sua età nonché della necessità di facilitare il suo reinserimento nella società e di fargli svolgere un ruolo costruttivo in seno a quest’ultima.

2. To this end and having regard to the relevant provisions of international instruments, States Parties shall, in particular, ensure that:

2. A tal fine, e tenendo conto delle disposizioni pertinenti degli strumenti internazionali, gli Stati parti vigilano in particolare:

(a) No child shall be alleged as, be accused of, or recognized as having infringed the penal law by reason of acts or omissions that were not prohibited by national or international law at the time they were committed;

a) affinché nessun fanciullo sia sospettato, accusato o riconosciuto colpevole di reato penale a causa di azioni o di omissioni che non erano vietate dalla legislazione nazionale o internazionale nel momento in cui furono commesse;

(b) Every child alleged as or accused of having infringed the penal law has at least the following guarantees:

b) affinché ogni fanciullo sospettato o accusato di reato penale abbia almeno diritto alle seguenti garanzie:

(i) To be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to law;

I - di essere ritenuto innocente fino a quando la sua colpevolezza non sia stata legalmente stabilita;

(ii) To be informed promptly and directly of the charges against him or her, and, if appropriate, through his or her parents or legal guardians and to have legal or other appropriate assistance in the preparation and presentation of his or her defence;

II - di essere informato il prima possibile e direttamente, oppure, se del caso, tramite i suoi genitori o rappresentanti legali, delle accuse portate contro di lui, e di beneficiare di un’assistenza legale o di ogni altra assistenza appropriata per la preparazione e la presentazione della sua difesa;

(iii) To have the matter determined without delay by a competent, independent and impartial authority or judicial body in a fair hearing according to law, in the presence of legal or other appropriate assistance and, unless it is considered not to be in the best interest of the child, in particular, taking into account his or her age or situation, his or her parents or legal guardians;

III - che il suo caso sia giudicato senza indugio da un’autorità o istanza giudiziaria competenti, indipendenti e imparziali per mezzo di un procedimento equo ai sensi di legge in presenza del suo legale o di altra assistenza appropriata, nonché in presenza dei suoi genitori o rappresentanti legali a meno che ciò non sia ritenuto contrario all’interesse preminente del fanciullo a causa in particolare della sua età o della sua situazione;

(iv) Not to be compelled to give testimony or to confess guilt; to examine or have examined adverse witnesses and to obtain the participation and examination of witnesses on his or her behalf under conditions of equality;

IV - di non essere costretto a rendere testimonianza o dichiararsi colpevole; di interrogare o far interrogare i testimoni a carico e di ottenere la comparsa e l’interrogatorio dei testimoni a suo discarico a condizioni di parità;

(v) If considered to have infringed the penal law, to have this decision and any measures imposed in consequence thereof reviewed by a higher competent, independent and impartial authority or judicial body according to law;

V - qualora venga riconosciuto che ha commesso reato penale, poter ricorrere contro questa decisione e ogni altra misura decisa di conseguenza dinanzi a un'autorità o istanza giudiziaria superiore competente, indipendente e imparziale, in conformità con la legge;

(vi) To have the free assistance of an interpreter if the child cannot understand or speak the language used;

VI - di essere assistito gratuitamente da un interprete se non comprende o non parla la lingua utilizzata;

(vii) To have his or her privacy fully respected at all stages of the proceedings.

VII - che la sua vita privata sia pienamente rispettata in tutte le fasi della procedura.

3. States Parties shall seek to promote the establishment of laws, procedures, authorities and institutions specifically applicable to children alleged as, accused of, or recognized as having infringed the penal law, and, in particular:

3. Gli Stati parti si sforzano di promuovere l’adozione di leggi, di procedure, la costituzione di autorità e di istituzioni destinate specificamente ai fanciulli sospettati, accusati o riconosciuti colpevoli di aver commesso reato, e in particolar modo:

(a) The establishment of a minimum age below which children shall be presumed not to have the capacity to infringe the penal law;

a) di stabilire un’età minima al di sotto della quale si presume che i fanciulli non abbiano la capacità di commettere reato;

(b) Whenever appropriate and desirable, measures for dealing with such children without resorting to judicial proceedings, providing that human rights and legal safeguards are fully respected.

b) di adottare provvedimenti ogni qualvolta ciò sia possibile e auspicabile per trattare questi fanciulli senza ricorrere a procedure giudiziarie rimanendo tuttavia inteso che i diritti dell’uomo e le garanzie legali debbono essere integralmente rispettate.

4. A variety of dispositions, such as care, guidance and supervision orders; counselling; probation; foster care; education and vocational training programmes and other alternatives to institutional care shall be available to ensure that children are dealt with in a manner appropriate to their well-being and proportionate both to their circumstances and the offence.

4. Sarà prevista tutta una gamma di disposizioni concernenti in particolar modo le cure, l’orientamento, la supervisione, i consigli, la libertà condizionata, il collocamento in famiglia, i programmi di formazione generale e professionale, nonché soluzioni alternative all’assistenza istituzionale, in vista di assicurare ai fanciulli un trattamento conforme al loro benessere e proporzionato sia alla loro situazione che al reato.

Article 41

Articolo 41

Nothing in the present Convention shall affect any provisions which are more conducive to the realization of the rights of the child and which may be contained in:

Nessuna delle disposizioni della presente Convenzione pregiudica disposizioni più propizie all’attuazione dei diritti del fanciullo che possano figurare:

(a) The law of a State party; or

a) nella legislazione di uno Stato parte; oppure

(b) International law in force for that State.

b) nel diritto internazionale in vigore per questo Stato.

Part II

SECONDA PARTE

Article 42

Articolo 42

States Parties undertake to make the principles and provisions of the Convention widely known, by appropriate and active means, to adults and children alike.

Gli Stati parti si impegnano a far largamente conoscere i principi e le disposizioni della presente Convenzione, con mezzi attivi e adeguati sia agli adulti che ai fanciulli.

Article 43

Articolo 43

1. For the purpose of examining the progress made by States Parties in achieving the realization of the obligations undertaken in the present Convention, there shall be established a Committee on the Rights of the Child, which shall carry out the functions hereinafter provided.

1. Al fine di esaminare i progressi compiuti dagli Stati parti nell’esecuzione degli obblighi da essi contratti in base alla presente Convenzione, è istituito un Comitato dei Diritti del Fanciullo che adempie alle funzioni definite in appresso.

2. The Committee shall consist of ten experts of high moral standing and recognized competence in the field covered by this Convention. The members of the Committee shall be elected by States Parties from among their nationals and shall serve in their personal capacity, consideration being given to equitable geographical distribution, as well as to the principal legal systems.

2. Il Comitato si compone di dieci esperti di alta moralità e in possesso di una competenza riconosciuta nel settore oggetto della presente Convenzione. I suoi membri sono eletti dagli Stati parti tra i loro cittadini e partecipano a titolo personale, secondo il criterio di un’equa ripartizione geografica e in considerazione dei principali ordinamenti giuridici.

3. The members of the Committee shall be elected by secret ballot from a list of persons nominated by States Parties. Each State Party may nominate one person from among its own nationals.

3. I membri del Comitato sono eletti a scrutinio segreto su una lista di persone designate dagli Stati parti. Ciascuno Stato parte può designare un candidato tra i suoi cittadini.

4. The initial election to the Committee shall be held no later than six months after the date of the entry into force of the present Convention and thereafter every second year. At least four months before the date of each election, the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall address a letter to States Parties inviting them to submit their nominations within two months. The Secretary-General shall subsequently prepare a list in alphabetical order of all persons thus nominated, indicating States Parties which have nominated them and shall submit it to the States Parties to the present Convention.

4. La prima elezione avrà luogo entro sei mesi a decorrere dalla data di entrata in vigore della presente Convenzione. Successivamente si svolgeranno elezioni ogni due anni. Almeno quattro mesi prima della data di ogni elezione il Segretario Generale dell’Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite inviterà per iscritto gli Stati parti a proporre i loro candidati entro un termine di due mesi. Quindi il Segretario generale stabilirà l’elenco alfabetico dei candidati in tal modo designati, con l’indicazione degli Stati parti che li hanno designati, e sottoporrà tale elenco agli Stati parti alla presente Convenzione.

5. The elections shall be held at meetings of States Parties convened by the Secretary-General at United Nations Headquarters. At those meetings, for which two thirds of States Parties shall constitute a quorum, the persons elected to the Committee shall be those who obtain the largest number of votes and an absolute majority of the votes of the representatives of States Parties present and voting.

5. Le elezioni avranno luogo in occasione delle riunioni degli Stati parti, convocate dal Segretario Generale presso la Sede dell’Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite. In queste riunioni per le quali il numero legale sarà rappresentato da due terzi degli Stati parti, i candidati eletti al Comitato sono quelli che ottengono il maggior numero di voti, nonché la maggioranza assoluta degli Stati parti presenti e votanti.

6. The members of the Committee shall be elected for a term of four years. They shall be eligible for re-election if renominated. The term of five of the members elected at the first election shall expire at the end of two years; immediately after the first election, the names of these five members shall be chosen by lot by the Chairman of the meeting.

6. I membri del Comitato sono eletti per quattro anni. Essi sono rieleggibili se la loro candidatura è ripresentata. Il mandato di cinque dei membri eletti nella prima elezione scade alla fine di un periodo di due anni; i nomi di tali cinque membri saranno estratti a sorte dal presidente della riunione immediatamente dopo la prima elezione.

7. If a member of the Committee dies or resigns or declares that for any other cause he or she can no longer perform the duties of the Committee, the State Party which nominated the member shall appoint another expert from among its nationals to serve for the remainder of the term, subject to the approval of the Committee.

7. In caso di decesso o di dimissioni di un membro del Comitato oppure se, per qualsiasi altro motivo, un membro dichiara di non poter più esercitare le sue funzioni in seno al Comitato, lo Stato parte che aveva presentato la sua candidatura nomina un altro esperto tra i suoi cittadini per coprire il seggio resosi vacante fino alla scadenza del mandato corrispondente, sotto riserva dell’approvazione del Comitato.

8. The Committee shall establish its own rules of procedure.

8. Il Comitato adotta il suo regolamento interno.

9. The Committee shall elect its officers for a period of two years.

9. Il Comitato elegge il suo Ufficio per un periodo di due anni.

10. The meetings of the Committee shall normally be held at United Nations Headquarters or at any other convenient place as determined by the Committee. The Committee shall normally meet annually. The duration of the meetings of the Committee shall be determined and reviewed, if necessary, by a meeting of the States Parties to the present Convention, subject to the approval of the General Assembly.

10. Le riunioni del Comitato si svolgono normalmente presso la Sede della Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite, oppure in ogni altro luogo appropriato determinato dal Comitato. Il Comitato si riunisce di regola ogni anno. La durata delle sue sessioni è determinata e se necessario modificata da una riunione degli Stati parti alla presente Convenzione, sotto riserva dell’approvazione dell’Assemblea Generale.

11. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall provide the necessary staff and facilities for the effective performance of the functions of the Committee under the present Convention.

11. Il Segretario Generale dell’Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite mette a disposizione del Comitato il personale e le strutture di cui quest’ultimo necessita per adempiere con efficacia alle sue mansioni in base alla presente Convenzione.

12. With the approval of the General Assembly, the members of the Committee established under the present Convention shall receive emoluments from United Nations resources on such terms and conditions as the Assembly may decide.

12. I membri del Comitato istituito in base alla presente Convenzione ricevono, con l’approvazione dell’Assemblea Generale, emolumenti prelevati sulle risorse dell’Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite alle condizioni e secondo le modalità stabilite dall’Assemblea Generale.

Article 44

Articolo 44

1. States Parties undertake to submit to the Committee, through the Secretary-General of the United Nations, reports on the measures they have adopted which give effect to the rights recognized herein and on the progress made on the enjoyment of those rights:

1. Gli Stati parti si impegnano a sottoporre al Comitato, tramite il Segretario Generale dell’Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite, rapporti sui provvedimenti che essi avranno adottato per dare effetto ai diritti riconosciuti nella presente Convenzione e sui progressi realizzati per il godimento di tali diritti:

(a) Within two years of the entry into force of the Convention for the State Party concerned;

a) entro due anni a decorrere dalla data dell’entrata in vigore della presente Convenzione per gli Stati parti interessati;

(b) Thereafter every five years.

b) in seguito, ogni cinque anni.

2. Reports made under the present article shall indicate factors and difficulties, if any, affecting the degree of fulfilment of the obligations under the present Convention. Reports shall also contain sufficient information to provide the Committee with a comprehensive understanding of the implementation of the Convention in the country concerned.

2. I rapporti compilati in applicazione del presente articolo debbono se del caso indicare i fattori e le difficoltà che impediscono agli Stati parti di adempiere agli obblighi previsti nella presente Convenzione. Essi debbono altresì contenere informazioni sufficienti a fornire al Comitato una comprensione dettagliata dell’applicazione della Convenzione nel paese in esame.

3. A State Party which has submitted a comprehensive initial report to the Committee need not, in its subsequent reports submitted in accordance with paragraph 1 (b) of the present article, repeat basic information previously provided.

3. Gli Stati parti che hanno presentato al Comitato un rapporto iniziale completo non sono tenuti a ripetere nei rapporti che sottoporranno successivamente | in conformità con il capoverso b) del paragrafo 1 del presente articolo | le informazioni di base in precedenza fornite.

4. The Committee may request from States Parties further information relevant to the implementation of the Convention.

4. Il Comitato può chiedere agli Stati parti ogni informazione complementare relativa all’applicazione della Convenzione.

5. The Committee shall submit to the General Assembly, through the Economic and Social Council, every two years, reports on its activities.

5. Il Comitato sottopone ogni due anni all’Assemblea generale, tramite il Consiglio Economico e Sociale, un rapporto sulle attività del Comitato.

6. States Parties shall make their reports widely available to the public in their own countries.

6. Gli Stati parti fanno in modo che i loro rapporti abbiano una vasta diffusione nei loro paesi.

Article 45

Articolo 45

In order to foster the effective implementation of the Convention and to encourage international co-operation in the field covered by the Convention:

Al fine di promuovere l’attuazione effettiva della Convenzione e incoraggiare la cooperazione internazionale nel settore oggetto della Convenzione:

(a) The specialized agencies, the United Nations Children's Fund and other United Nations organs shall be entitled to be represented at the consideration of the implementation of such provisions of the present Convention as fall within the scope of their mandate. The Committee may invite the specialized agencies, the United Nations Children's Fund and other competent bodies as it may consider appropriate to provide expert advice on the implementation of the Convention in areas falling within the scope of their respective mandates. The Committee may invite the specialized agencies, the United Nations Children's Fund and other United Nations organs to submit reports on the implementation of the Convention in areas falling within the scope of their activities;

a) le Istituzioni specializzate, il Fondo delle Nazioni Unite per l’Infanzia e altri organi delle Nazioni Unite hanno diritto di farsi rappresentare nell’esame dell’attuazione di quelle disposizioni della presente Convenzione che rientrano nell’ambito del loro mandato. Il Comitato può invitare le Istituzioni Specializzate, il Fondo delle Nazioni Unite per l’Infanzia e ogni altro organismo competente che riterrà appropriato, a dare pareri specializzati sull’attuazione della Convenzione in settori di competenza dei loro rispettivi mandati. Il Comitato può invitare le Istituzioni Specializzate, il Fondo delle Nazioni Unite per l’Infanzia e altri organi delle Nazioni Unite a sottoporgli rapporti sull’attuazione della Convenzione in settori che rientrano nell’ambito delle loro attività;

(b) The Committee shall transmit, as it may consider appropriate, to the specialized agencies, the United Nations Children's Fund and other competent bodies, any reports from States Parties that contain a request, or indicate a need, for technical advice or assistance, along with the Committee's observations and suggestions, if any, on these requests or indications;

b) il Comitato trasmette, se lo ritiene necessario, alle Istituzioni Specializzate, al Fondo delle Nazioni Unite per l’Infanzia e agli altri Organismi competenti ogni rapporto degli Stati parti contenente una richiesta di consigli tecnici o di assistenza tecnica, o che indichi una necessità in tal senso, accompagnato da eventuali osservazioni e proposte del Comitato concernenti tale richiesta o indicazione;

(c) The Committee may recommend to the General Assembly to request the Secretary-General to undertake on its behalf studies on specific issues relating to the rights of the child;

c) il Comitato può raccomandare all’Assemblea generale di chiedere al Segretario Generale di procedere, per conto del Comitato, a studi su questioni specifiche attinenti ai diritti del fanciullo;

(d) The Committee may make suggestions and general recommendations based on information received pursuant to articles 44 and 45 of the present Convention. Such suggestions and general recommendations shall be transmitted to any State Party concerned and reported to the General Assembly, together with comments, if any, from States Parties.

d) il Comitato può fare suggerimenti e raccomandazioni generali in base alle informazioni ricevute in applicazione degli artt.44 e 45 della presente Convenzione. Questi suggerimenti e raccomandazioni generali sono trasmessi a ogni Stato parte interessato e sottoposti all’Assemblea Generale insieme a eventuali osservazioni degli Stati parti.

Part III

TERZA PARTE

Article 46

Articolo 46

The present Convention shall be open for signature by all States.

La presente Convenzione è aperta alla firma di tutti gli Stati.

Article 47

Articolo 47

The present Convention is subject to ratification. Instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

La presente Convenzione è soggetta a ratifica. Gli strumenti di ratifica saranno depositati presso il Segretario Generale dell’Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite.

Article 48

Articolo 48

The present Convention shall remain open for accession by any State. The instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

La presente Convenzione rimarrà aperta all’adesione di ogni Stato. Gli strumenti di adesione saranno depositati presso il Segretario Generale della Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite.

Article 49

Articolo 49

1. The present Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth day following the date of deposit with the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the twentieth instrument of ratification or accession.

1. La presente Convenzione entrerà in vigore il trentesimo giorno successivo alla data del deposito presso il Segretario Generale dell’Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite del ventesimo strumento di ratifica o di adesione.

2. For each State ratifying or acceding to the Convention after the deposit of the twentieth instrument of ratification or accession, the Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after the deposit by such State of its instrument of ratification or accession.

2. Per ciascuno degli Stati che ratificheranno la presente Convenzione o che vi aderiranno dopo il deposito del ventesimo strumento di ratifica o di adesione la Convenzione entrerà in vigore il trentesimo giorno successivo al deposito da parte di questo Stato del suo strumento di ratifica o di adesione.

Article 50

Articolo 50

1. Any State Party may propose an amendment and file it with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. The Secretary-General shall thereupon communicate the proposed amendment to States Parties, with a request that they indicate whether they favour a conference of States Parties for the purpose of considering and voting upon the proposals. In the event that, within four months from the date of such communication, at least one third of the States Parties favour such a conference, the Secretary-General shall convene the conference under the auspices of the United Nations. Any amendment adopted by a majority of States Parties present and voting at the conference shall be submitted to the General Assembly for approval.

1. Ogni Stato parte può proporre un emendamento e depositarne il testo presso il Segretario Generale dell’Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite. Il Segretario Generale comunica quindi la proposta di emendamento agli Stati parti, con la richiesta di far sapere se siano favorevoli a una Conferenza degli Stati parti al fine dell’esame delle proposte e della loro votazione. Se, entro quattro mesi a decorrere dalla data di questa comunicazione, almeno un terzo degli Stati parti si pronuncia a favore di tale Conferenza, il Segretario Generale convoca la Conferenza sotto gli auspici dell’Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite. Ogni emendamento adottato da una maggioranza degli Stati parti presenti e votanti alla Conferenza è sottoposto per approvazione all’Assemblea Generale.

2. An amendment adopted in accordance with paragraph 1 of the present article shall enter into force when it has been approved by the General Assembly of the United Nations and accepted by a two-thirds majority of States Parties.

2. Ogni emendamento adottato in conformità con le disposizioni del paragrafo 1 del presente articolo entra in vigore dopo essere stato approvato dall’Assemblea Generale delle Nazioni Unite e accettato da una maggioranza di due terzi degli Stati parti.

3. When an amendment enters into force, it shall be binding on those States Parties which have accepted it, other States Parties still being bound by the provisions of the present Convention and any earlier amendments which they have accepted.

3. Quando un emendamento entra in vigore esso ha valore obbligatorio per gli Stati parti che lo hanno accettato, gli altri Stati parti rimanendo vincolati dalle disposizioni della presente Convenzione e da tutti gli emendamenti precedenti da essi accettati.

Article 51

Articolo 51

1. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall receive and circulate to all States the text of reservations made by States at the time of ratification or accession.

1. Il Segretario Generale dell’Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite riceverà e comunicherà a tutti gli Stati il testo delle riserve che saranno state formulate dagli Stati all’atto della ratifica o dell’adesione.

2. A reservation incompatible with the object and purpose of the present Convention shall not be permitted.

2. Non sono autorizzate riserve incompatibili con l’oggetto e le finalità della presente Convenzione.

3. Reservations may be withdrawn at any time by notification to that effect addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall then inform all States. Such notification shall take effect on the date on which it is received by the Secretary-General

3. Le riserve possono essere ritirate in ogni tempo per mezzo di notifica indirizzata in tal senso al Segretario Generale delle Nazioni Unite il quale ne informerà quindi tutti gli Stati. Tale notifica avrà effetto alla data in cui è ricevuta dal Segretario Generale.

Article 52

Articolo 52

A State Party may denounce the present Convention by written notification to the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Denunciation becomes effective one year after the date of receipt of the notification by the Secretary-General.

Ogni Stato parte può denunciare la presente Convenzione per mezzo di notifica scritta indirizzata al Segretario Generale dell’Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite. La denuncia avrà effetto un anno dopo la data di ricezione della notifica da parte del Segretario Generale.

Article 53

Articolo 53

The Secretary-General of the United Nations is designated as the depositary of the present Convention.

Il Segretario Generale dell’Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite è designato come depositario della presente Convenzione.

Article 54

Articolo 54

The original of the present Convention, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

L’originale della presente Convenzione, i cui testi in lingua araba, cinese, inglese, francese,  russa e spagnola fanno ugualmente fede, sarà depositato presso il Segretario Generale dell’Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite.



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V
ERSIONE PER READSPEAKER
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THE CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD

Preamble

The States Parties to the present Convention,

Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,

Bearing in mind that the peoples of the United Nations have, in the Charter, reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights and in the dignity and worth of the human person and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,

Recognizing that the United Nations has, in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the International Covenants on Human Rights, proclaimed and agreed that everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth therein, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status,

Recalling that, in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the United Nations has proclaimed that childhood is entitled to special care and assistance,

Convinced that the family, as the fundamental group of society and the natural environment for the growth and well-being of all its members and particularly children, should be afforded the necessary protection and assistance so that it can fully assume its responsibilities within the community,

Recognizing that the child, for the full and harmonious development of his or her personality, should grow up in a family environment, in an atmosphere of happiness, love and understanding,

Considering that the child should be fully prepared to live an individual life in society and brought up in the spirit of the ideals proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations and in particular in the spirit of peace, dignity, tolerance, freedom, equality and solidarity,

Bearing in mind that the need to extend particular care to the child has been stated in the Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child of 1924 and in the Declaration of the Rights of the Child adopted by the General Assembly on 20 November 1959 and recognized in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (in particular in articles 23 and 24), in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (in particular in article 10) and in the statutes and relevant instruments of specialized agencies and international organizations concerned with the welfare of children, '

Bearing in mind that, as indicated in the Declaration of the Rights of the Child, "the child, by reason of his physical and mental immaturity, needs special safeguards and care, including appropriate legal protection, before as well as after birth",

Recalling the provisions of the Declaration on Social and Legal Principles relating to the Protection and Welfare of Children, with Special Reference to Foster Placement and Adoption Nationally and Internationally; the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (The Beijing Rules) ; and the Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict,

Recognizing that, in all countries in the world, there are children living in exceptionally difficult conditions and that such children need special consideration,

Taking due account of the importance of the traditions and cultural values of each people for the protection and harmonious development of the child,

Recognizing the importance of international co-operation for improving the living conditions of children in every country, in particular in the developing countries,

Have agreed as follows:

Part I

Article 1

For the purposes of the present Convention, a child means every human being below the age of eighteen years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier.

Article 2

1. States Parties shall respect and ensure the rights set forth in the present Convention to each child within their jurisdiction without discrimination of any kind, irrespective of the child's or his or her parent's or legal guardian's race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, property, disability, birth or other status.

2. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that the child is protected against all forms of discrimination or punishment on the basis of the status, activities, expressed opinions, or beliefs of the child's parents, legal guardians, or family members.

Article 3

1. In all actions concerning children, whether undertaken by public or private social welfare institutions, courts of law, administrative authorities or legislative bodies, the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration.

2. States Parties undertake to ensure the child such protection and care as is necessary for his or her well-being, taking into account the rights and duties of his or her parents, legal guardians, or other individuals legally responsible for him or her, and, to this end, shall take all appropriate legislative and administrative measures.

3. States Parties shall ensure that the institutions, services and facilities responsible for the care or protection of children shall conform with the standards established by competent authorities, particularly in the areas of safety, health, in the number and suitability of their staff, as well as competent supervision.

Article 4

States Parties shall undertake all appropriate legislative, administrative and other measures for the implementation of the rights recognized in the present Convention. With regard to economic, social and cultural rights, States Parties shall undertake such measures to the maximum extent of their available resources and, where needed, within the framework of international co-operation.

Article 5

States Parties shall respect the responsibilities, rights and duties of parents or, where applicable, the members of the extended family or community as provided for by local custom, legal guardians or other persons legally responsible for the child, to provide, in a manner consistent with the evolving capacities of the child, appropriate direction and guidance in the exercise by the child of the rights recognized in the present Convention.

Article 6

1. States Parties recognize that every child has the inherent right to life.

2. States Parties shall ensure to the maximum extent possible the survival and development of the child.

Article 7

1. The child shall be registered immediately after birth and shall have the right from birth to a name, the right to acquire a nationality and. as far as possible, the right to know and be cared for by his or her parents.

2. States Parties shall ensure the implementation of these rights in accordance with their national law and their obligations under the relevant international instruments in this field, in particular where the child would otherwise be stateless.

Article 8

1. States Parties undertake to respect the right of the child to preserve his or her identity, including nationality, name and family relations as recognized by law without unlawful interference.

2. Where a child is illegally deprived of some or all of the elements of his or her identity, States Parties shall provide appropriate assistance and protection, with a view to re-establishing speedily his or her identity.

Article 9

1. States Parties shall ensure that a child shall not be separated from his or her parents against their will, except when competent authorities subject to judicial review determine, in accordance with applicable law and procedures, that such separation is necessary for the best interests of the child. Such determination may be necessary in a particular case such as one involving abuse or neglect of the child by the parents, or one where the parents are living separately and a decision must be made as to the child's place of residence.

2. In any proceedings pursuant to paragraph 1 of the present article, all interested parties shall be given an opportunity to participate in the proceedings and make their views known.

3. States Parties shall respect the right of the child who is separated from one or both parents to maintain personal relations and direct contact with both parents on a regular basis, except if it is contrary to the child's best interests.

4. Where such separation results from any action initiated by a State Party, such as the detention, imprisonment, exile, deportation or death (including death arising from any cause while the person is in the custody of the State) of one or both parents or of the child, that State Party shall, upon request, provide the parents, the child or, if appropriate, another member of the family with the essential information concerning the whereabouts of the absent member(s) of the family unless the provision of the information would be detrimental to the well-being of the child. States Parties shall further ensure that the submission of such a request shall of itself entail no adverse consequences for the person(s) concerned.

Article 10

1. In accordance with the obligation of States Parties under article 9, paragraph 1, applications by a child or his or her parents to enter or leave a State Party for the purpose of family reunification shall be dealt with by States Parties in a positive, humane and expeditious manner. States Parties shall further ensure that the submission of such a request shall entail no adverse consequences for the applicants and for the members of their family.

2. A child whose parents reside in different States shall have the right to maintain on a regular basis, save in exceptional circumstances personal relations and direct contacts with both parents. Towards that end and in accordance with the obligation of States Parties under article 9, paragraph 1, States Parties shall respect the right of the child and his or her parents to leave any country, including their own and to enter their own country. The right to leave any country shall be subject only to such restrictions as are prescribed by law and which are necessary to protect the national security, public order (ordre public), public health or morals or the rights and freedoms of others and are consistent with the other rights recognized in the present Convention.

Article 11

1. States Parties shall take measures to combat the illicit transfer and non-return of children abroad.

2. To this end, States Parties shall promote the conclusion of bilateral or multilateral agreements or accession to existing agreements.

Article 12

1. States Parties shall assure to the child who is capable of forming his or her own views the right to express those views freely in all matters affecting the child, the views of the child being given due weight in accordance with the age and maturity of the child.

2. For this purpose, the child shall in particular be provided the opportunity to be heard in any judicial and administrative proceedings affecting the child, either directly, or through a representative or an appropriate body, in a manner consistent with the procedural rules of national law.

Article 13

1. The child shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of the child's choice.

2. The exercise of this right may be subject to certain restrictions, but these shall only be such as are provided by law and are necessary:

(a) For respect of the rights or reputations of others; or

(b) For the protection of national security or of public order (ordre public), or of public health or morals.

Article 14

1. States Parties shall respect the right of the child to freedom of thought, conscience and religion.

2. States Parties shall respect the rights and duties of the parents and, when applicable, legal guardians, to provide direction to the child in the exercise of his or her right in a manner consistent with the evolving capacities of the child.

3. Freedom to manifest one's religion or beliefs may be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary to protect public safety, order, health or morals, or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others.

Article 15

1. States Parties recognize the rights of the child to freedom of association and to freedom of peaceful assembly.

2. No restrictions may be placed on the exercise of these rights other than those imposed in conformity with the law and which are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or public safety, public order (ordre public), the protection of public health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.

Article 16

1. No child shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his or her privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks on his or her honour and reputation.

2. The child has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.

Article 17

States Parties recognize the important function performed by the mass media and shall ensure that the child has access to information and material from a diversity of national and international sources, especially those aimed at the promotion of his or her social, spiritual and moral well-being and physical and mental health. To this end, States Parties shall:

(a) Encourage the mass media to disseminate information and material of social and cultural benefit to the child and in accordance with the spirit of article 29;

(b) Encourage international co-operation in the production, exchange and dissemination of such information and material from a diversity of cultural, national and international sources;

(c) Encourage the production and dissemination of children's books;

(d) Encourage the mass media to have particular regard to the linguistic needs of the child who belongs to a minority group or who is indigenous;

(e) Encourage the development of appropriate guidelines for the protection of the child from information and material injurious to his or her well-being, bearing in mind the provisions of articles 13 and 18.

Article 18

1. States Parties shall use their best efforts to ensure recognition of the principle that both parents have common responsibilities for the upbringing and development of the child. Parents or, as the case may be, legal guardians, have the primary responsibility for the upbringing and development of the child. The best interests of the child will be their basic concern.

2. For the purpose of guaranteeing and promoting the rights set forth in the present Convention, States Parties shall render appropriate assistance to parents and legal guardians in the performance of their child-rearing responsibilities and shall ensure the development of institutions, facilities and services for the care of children.

3. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that children of working parents have the right to benefit from child-care services and facilities for which they are eligible.

Article 19

1. States Parties shall take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation, including sexual abuse, while in the care of parent(s), legal guardian(s) or any other person who has the care of the child.

2. Such protective measures should, as appropriate, include effective procedures for the establishment of social programmes to provide necessary support for the child and for those who have the care of the child, as well as for other forms of prevention and for identification, reporting, referral, investigation, treatment and follow-up of instances of child maltreatment described heretofore, and, as appropriate, for judicial involvement.

Article 20

1. A child temporarily or permanently deprived of his or her family environment, or in whose own best interests cannot be allowed to remain in that environment, shall be entitled to special protection and assistance provided by the State.

2. States Parties shall in accordance with their national laws ensure alternative care for such a child.

3. Such care could include, inter alia, foster placement, kafalah of Islamic law, adoption or if necessary placement in suitable institutions for the care of children. When considering solutions, due regard shall be paid to the desirability of continuity in a child's upbringing and to the child's ethnic, religious, cultural and linguistic background.

Article 21

States Parties that recognize and/or permit the system of adoption shall ensure that the best interests of the child shall be the paramount consideration and they shall:

(a) Ensure that the adoption of a child is authorized only by competent authorities who determine, in accordance with applicable law and procedures and on the basis of all pertinent and reliable information, that the adoption is permissible in view of the child's status concerning parents, relatives and legal guardians and that, if required, the persons concerned have given their informed consent to the adoption on the basis of such counselling as may be necessary;

(b) Recognize that inter-country adoption may be considered as an alternative means of child's care, if the child cannot be placed in a foster or an adoptive family or cannot in any suitable manner be cared for in the child's country of origin;

(c) Ensure that the child concerned by inter-country adoption enjoys safeguards and standards equivalent to those existing in the case of national adoption;

(d) Take all appropriate measures to ensure that, in inter-country adoption, the placement does not result in improper financial gain for those involved in it;

(e) Promote, where appropriate, the objectives of the present article by concluding bilateral or multilateral arrangements or agreements and endeavour, within this framework, to ensure that the placement of the child in another country is carried out by competent authorities or organs.

Article 22

1. States Parties shall take appropriate measures to ensure that a child who is seeking refugee status or who is considered a refugee in accordance with applicable international or domestic law and procedures shall, whether unaccompanied or accompanied by his or her parents or by any other person, receive appropriate protection and humanitarian assistance in the enjoyment of applicable rights set forth in the present Convention and in other international human rights or humanitarian instruments to which the said States are Parties.

2. For this purpose, States Parties shall provide, as they consider appropriate, co-operation in any efforts by the United Nations and other competent intergovernmental organizations or non-governmental organizations co-operating with the United Nations to protect and assist such a child and to trace the parents or other members of the family of any refugee child in order to obtain information necessary for reunification with his or her family. In cases where no parents or other members of the family can be found, the child shall be accorded the same protection as any other child permanently or temporarily deprived of his or her family environment for any reason, as set forth in the present Convention.

Article 23

1. States Parties recognize that a mentally or physically disabled child should enjoy a full and decent life, in conditions which ensure dignity, promote self-reliance and facilitate the child's active participation in the community.

2. States Parties recognize the right of the disabled child to special care and shall encourage and ensure the extension, subject to available resources, to the eligible child and those responsible for his or her care, of assistance for which application is made and which is appropriate to the child's condition and to the circumstances of the parents or others caring for the child

. 3. Recognizing the special needs of a disabled child, assistance extended in accordance with paragraph 2 of the present article shall be provided free of charge, whenever possible, taking into account the financial resources of the parents or others caring for the child and shall be designed to ensure that the disabled child has effective access to and receives education, training, health care services, rehabilitation services, preparation for employment and recreation opportunities in a manner conducive to the child's achieving the fullest possible social integration and individual development, including his or her cultural and spiritual development

4. States Parties shall promote, in the spirit of international cooperation, the exchange of appropriate information in the field of preventive health care and of medical, psychological and functional treatment of disabled children, including dissemination of and access to information concerning methods of rehabilitation, education and vocational services, with the aim of enabling States Parties to improve their capabilities and skills and to widen their experience in these areas. In this regard, particular account shall be taken of the needs of developing countries.

Article 24

1. States Parties recognize the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health and to facilities for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health. States Parties shall strive to ensure that no child is deprived of his or her right of access to such health care services.

2. States Parties shall pursue full implementation of this right and, in particular, shall take appropriate measures:

(a) To diminish infant and child mortality;

(b) To ensure the provision of necessary medical assistance and health care to all children with emphasis on the development of primary health care;

(c) To combat disease and malnutrition, including within the framework of primary health care, through, inter alia, the application of readily available technology and through the provision of adequate nutritious foods and clean drinking-water, taking into consideration the dangers and risks of environmental pollution;

(d) To ensure appropriate pre-natal and post-natal health care for mothers;

(e) To ensure that all segments of society, in particular parents and children, are informed, have access to education and are supported in the use of basic knowledge of child health and nutrition, the advantages of breastfeeding, hygiene and environmental sanitation and the prevention of accidents;

(f) To develop preventive health care, guidance for parents and family planning education and services.

3. States Parties shall take all effective and appropriate measures with a view to abolishing traditional practices prejudicial to the health of children.

4. States Parties undertake to promote and encourage international co-operation with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of the right recognized in the present article. In this regard, particular account shall be taken of the needs of developing countries.

Article 25

States Parties recognize the right of a child who has been placed by the competent authorities for the purposes of care, protection or treatment of his or her physical or mental health, to a periodic review of the treatment provided to the child and all other circumstances relevant to his or her placement.

Article 26

1. States Parties shall recognize for every child the right to benefit from social security, including social insurance and shall take the necessary measures to achieve the full realization of this right in accordance with their national law.

2. The benefits should, where appropriate, be granted, taking into account the resources and the circumstances of the child and persons having responsibility for the maintenance of the child, as well as any other consideration relevant to an application for benefits made by or on behalf of the child.

Article 27

1. States Parties recognize the right of every child to a standard of living adequate for the child's physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social development.

2. The parent(s) or others responsible for the child have the primary responsibility to secure, within their abilities and financial capacities, the conditions of living necessary for the child's development.

3. States Parties, in accordance with national conditions and within their means, shall take appropriate measures to assist parents and others responsible for the child to implement this right and shall in case of need provide material assistance and support programmes, particularly with regard to nutrition, clothing and housing.

4. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to secure the recovery of maintenance for the child from the parents or other persons having financial responsibility for the child, both within the State Party and from abroad. In particular, where the person having financial responsibility for the child lives in a State different from that of the child, States Parties shall promote the accession to international agreements or the conclusion of such agreements, as well as the making of other appropriate arrangements.

Article 28

1. States Parties recognize the right of the child to education and with a view to achieving this right progressively and on the basis of equal opportunity, they shall, in particular:

(a) Make primary education compulsory and available free to all;

(b) Encourage the development of different forms of secondary education, including general and vocational education, make them available and accessible to every child and take appropriate measures such as the introduction of free education and offering financial assistance in case of need;

(c) Make higher education accessible to all on the basis of capacity by every appropriate means;

(d) Make educational and vocational information and guidance available and accessible to all children;

(e) Take measures to encourage regular attendance at schools and the reduction of drop-out rates.

2. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that school discipline is administered in a manner consistent with the child's human dignity and in conformity with the present Convention.

3. States Parties shall promote and encourage international cooperation in matters relating to education, in particular with a view to contributing to the elimination of ignorance and illiteracy throughout the world and facilitating access to scientific and technical knowledge and modern teaching methods. In this regard, particular account shall be taken of the needs of developing countries.

Article 29

1. States Parties agree that the education of the child shall be directed to:

(a) The development of the child's personality, talents and mental and physical abilities to their fullest potential;

(b) The development of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and for the principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations;

(c) The development of respect for the child's parents, his or her own cultural identity, language and values, for the national values of the country in which the child is living, the country from which he or she may originate, and for civilizations different from his or her own;

(d) The preparation of the child for responsible life in a free society, in the spirit of understanding, peace, tolerance, equality of sexes, and friendship among all peoples, ethnic, national and religious groups and persons of indigenous origin;

(e) The development of respect for the natural environment.

2. No part of the present article or article 28 shall be construed so as to interfere with the liberty of individuals and bodies to establish and direct educational institutions, subject always to the observance of the principle set forth in paragraph 1 of the present article and to the requirements that the education given in such institutions shall conform to such minimum standards as may be laid down by the State.

Article 30

In those States in which ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities or persons of indigenous origin exist, a child belonging to such a minority or who is indigenous shall not be denied the right, in community with other members of his or her group, to enjoy his or her own culture, to profess and practise his or her own religion, or to use his or her own language.

Article 31

1. States Parties recognize the right of the child to rest and leisure, to engage in play and recreational activities appropriate to the age of the child and to participate freely in cultural life and the arts.

2. States Parties shall respect and promote the right of the child to participate fully in cultural and artistic life and shall encourage the provision of appropriate and equal opportunities for cultural, artistic, recreational and leisure activity.

Article 32

1. States Parties recognize the right of the child to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child's education, or to be harmful to the child's health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development.

2. States Parties shall take legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to ensure the implementation of the present article. To this end and having regard to the relevant provisions of other international instruments, States Parties shall in particular:

(a) Provide for a minimum age or minimum ages for admission to employment;

(b) Provide for appropriate regulation of the hours and conditions of employment;

(c) Provide for appropriate penalties or other sanctions to ensure the effective enforcement of the present article.

Article 33

States Parties shall take all appropriate measures, including legislative, administrative, social and educational measures, to protect children from the illicit use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances as defined in the relevant international treaties and to prevent the use of children in the illicit production and trafficking of such substances.

Article 34

States Parties undertake to protect the child from all forms of sexual exploitation and sexual abuse. For these purposes, States Parties shall in particular take all appropriate national, bilateral and multilateral measures to prevent:

(a) The inducement or coercion of a child to engage in any unlawful sexual activity;

(b) The exploitative use of children in prostitution or other unlawful sexual practices;

(c) The exploitative use of children in pornographic performances and materials.

Article 35

States Parties shall take all appropriate national, bilateral and multilateral measures to prevent the abduction of, the sale of or traffic in children for any purpose or in any form.

Article 36

States Parties shall protect the child against all other forms of exploitation prejudicial to any aspects of the child's welfare.

Article 37

States Parties shall ensure that:

(a) No child shall be subjected to torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Neither capital punishment nor life imprisonment without possibility of release shall be imposed for offences committed by persons below eighteen years of age;

(b) No child shall be deprived of his or her liberty unlawfully or arbitrarily. The arrest, detention or imprisonment of a child shall be in conformity with the law and shall be used only as a measure of last resort and for the shortest appropriate period of time;

(c) Every child deprived of liberty shall be treated with humanity and respect for the inherent dignity of the human person and in a manner which takes into account the needs of persons of his or her age. In particular, every child deprived of liberty shall be separated from adults unless it is considered in the child's best interest not to do so and shall have the right to maintain contact with his or her family through correspondence and visits, save in exceptional circumstances;

(d) Every child deprived of his or her liberty shall have the right to prompt access to legal and other appropriate assistance, as well as the right to challenge the legality of the deprivation of his or her liberty before a court or other competent, independent and impartial authority and to a prompt decision on any such action.

Article 38

1. States Parties undertake to respect and to ensure respect for rules of international humanitarian law applicable to them in armed conflicts which are relevant to the child.

2. States Parties shall take all feasible measures to ensure that persons who have not attained the age of fifteen years do not take a direct part in hostilities.

3. States Parties shall refrain from recruiting any person who has not attained the age of fifteen years into their armed forces. In recruiting among those persons who have attained the age of fifteen years but who have not attained the age of eighteen years, States Parties shall endeavour to give priority to those who are oldest.

4. In accordance with their obligations under international humanitarian law to protect the civilian population in armed conflicts, States Parties shall take all feasible measures to ensure protection and care of children who are affected by an armed conflict.

Article 39

States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to promote physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration of a child victim of: any form of neglect, exploitation, or abuse; torture or any other form of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; or armed conflicts. Such recovery and reintegration shall take place in an environment which fosters the health, self-respect and dignity of the child.

Article 40

1. States Parties recognize the right of every child alleged as, accused of, or recognized as having infringed the penal law to be treated in a manner consistent with the promotion of the child's sense of dignity and worth, which reinforces the child's respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of others and which takes into account the child's age and the desirability of promoting the child's reintegration and the child's assuming a constructive role in society.

2. To this end and having regard to the relevant provisions of international instruments, States Parties shall, in particular, ensure that:

(a) No child shall be alleged as, be accused of, or recognized as having infringed the penal law by reason of acts or omissions that were not prohibited by national or international law at the time they were committed;

(b) Every child alleged as or accused of having infringed the penal law has at least the following guarantees:

(i) To be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to law;

(ii) To be informed promptly and directly of the charges against him or her, and, if appropriate, through his or her parents or legal guardians and to have legal or other appropriate assistance in the preparation and presentation of his or her defence;

(iii) To have the matter determined without delay by a competent, independent and impartial authority or judicial body in a fair hearing according to law, in the presence of legal or other appropriate assistance and, unless it is considered not to be in the best interest of the child, in particular, taking into account his or her age or situation, his or her parents or legal guardians;

(iv) Not to be compelled to give testimony or to confess guilt; to examine or have examined adverse witnesses and to obtain the participation and examination of witnesses on his or her behalf under conditions of equality;

(v) If considered to have infringed the penal law, to have this decision and any measures imposed in consequence thereof reviewed by a higher competent, independent and impartial authority or judicial body according to law;

(vi) To have the free assistance of an interpreter if the child cannot understand or speak the language used;

(vii) To have his or her privacy fully respected at all stages of the proceedings.

3. States Parties shall seek to promote the establishment of laws, procedures, authorities and institutions specifically applicable to children alleged as, accused of, or recognized as having infringed the penal law, and, in particular:

(a) The establishment of a minimum age below which children shall be presumed not to have the capacity to infringe the penal law;

(b) Whenever appropriate and desirable, measures for dealing with such children without resorting to judicial proceedings, providing that human rights and legal safeguards are fully respected.

4. A variety of dispositions, such as care, guidance and supervision orders; counselling; probation; foster care; education and vocational training programmes and other alternatives to institutional care shall be available to ensure that children are dealt with in a manner appropriate to their well-being and proportionate both to their circumstances and the offence.

Article 41

Nothing in the present Convention shall affect any provisions which are more conducive to the realization of the rights of the child and which may be contained in:

(a) The law of a State party; or

(b) International law in force for that State.

Part II

Article 42

States Parties undertake to make the principles and provisions of the Convention widely known, by appropriate and active means, to adults and children alike.

Article 43

1. For the purpose of examining the progress made by States Parties in achieving the realization of the obligations undertaken in the present Convention, there shall be established a Committee on the Rights of the Child, which shall carry out the functions hereinafter provided.

2. The Committee shall consist of ten experts of high moral standing and recognized competence in the field covered by this Convention. The members of the Committee shall be elected by States Parties from among their nationals and shall serve in their personal capacity, consideration being given to equitable geographical distribution, as well as to the principal legal systems.

3. The members of the Committee shall be elected by secret ballot from a list of persons nominated by States Parties. Each State Party may nominate one person from among its own nationals.

4. The initial election to the Committee shall be held no later than six months after the date of the entry into force of the present Convention and thereafter every second year. At least four months before the date of each election, the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall address a letter to States Parties inviting them to submit their nominations within two months. The Secretary-General shall subsequently prepare a list in alphabetical order of all persons thus nominated, indicating States Parties which have nominated them and shall submit it to the States Parties to the present Convention.

5. The elections shall be held at meetings of States Parties convened by the Secretary-General at United Nations Headquarters. At those meetings, for which two thirds of States Parties shall constitute a quorum, the persons elected to the Committee shall be those who obtain the largest number of votes and an absolute majority of the votes of the representatives of States Parties present and voting.

6. The members of the Committee shall be elected for a term of four years. They shall be eligible for re-election if renominated. The term of five of the members elected at the first election shall expire at the end of two years; immediately after the first election, the names of these five members shall be chosen by lot by the Chairman of the meeting.

7. If a member of the Committee dies or resigns or declares that for any other cause he or she can no longer perform the duties of the Committee, the State Party which nominated the member shall appoint another expert from among its nationals to serve for the remainder of the term, subject to the approval of the Committee.

8. The Committee shall establish its own rules of procedure.

9. The Committee shall elect its officers for a period of two years.

10. The meetings of the Committee shall normally be held at United Nations Headquarters or at any other convenient place as determined by the Committee. The Committee shall normally meet annually. The duration of the meetings of the Committee shall be determined and reviewed, if necessary, by a meeting of the States Parties to the present Convention, subject to the approval of the General Assembly.

11. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall provide the necessary staff and facilities for the effective performance of the functions of the Committee under the present Convention.

12. With the approval of the General Assembly, the members of the Committee established under the present Convention shall receive emoluments from United Nations resources on such terms and conditions as the Assembly may decide.

Article 44

1. States Parties undertake to submit to the Committee, through the Secretary-General of the United Nations, reports on the measures they have adopted which give effect to the rights recognized herein and on the progress made on the enjoyment of those rights:

(a) Within two years of the entry into force of the Convention for the State Party concerned;

(b) Thereafter every five years.

2. Reports made under the present article shall indicate factors and difficulties, if any, affecting the degree of fulfilment of the obligations under the present Convention. Reports shall also contain sufficient information to provide the Committee with a comprehensive understanding of the implementation of the Convention in the country concerned.

3. A State Party which has submitted a comprehensive initial report to the Committee need not, in its subsequent reports submitted in accordance with paragraph 1 (b) of the present article, repeat basic information previously provided.

4. The Committee may request from States Parties further information relevant to the implementation of the Convention.

5. The Committee shall submit to the General Assembly, through the Economic and Social Council, every two years, reports on its activities.

6. States Parties shall make their reports widely available to the public in their own countries.

Article 45

In order to foster the effective implementation of the Convention and to encourage international co-operation in the field covered by the Convention:

(a) The specialized agencies, the United Nations Children's Fund and other United Nations organs shall be entitled to be represented at the consideration of the implementation of such provisions of the present Convention as fall within the scope of their mandate. The Committee may invite the specialized agencies, the United Nations Children's Fund and other competent bodies as it may consider appropriate to provide expert advice on the implementation of the Convention in areas falling within the scope of their respective mandates. The Committee may invite the specialized agencies, the United Nations Children's Fund and other United Nations organs to submit reports on the implementation of the Convention in areas falling within the scope of their activities;

(b) The Committee shall transmit, as it may consider appropriate, to the specialized agencies, the United Nations Children's Fund and other competent bodies, any reports from States Parties that contain a request, or indicate a need, for technical advice or assistance, along with the Committee's observations and suggestions, if any, on these requests or indications;

(c) The Committee may recommend to the General Assembly to request the Secretary-General to undertake on its behalf studies on specific issues relating to the rights of the child;

(d) The Committee may make suggestions and general recommendations based on information received pursuant to articles 44 and 45 of the present Convention. Such suggestions and general recommendations shall be transmitted to any State Party concerned and reported to the General Assembly, together with comments, if any, from States Parties.

Part III

Article 46

The present Convention shall be open for signature by all States.

Article 47

The present Convention is subject to ratification. Instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

Article 48

The present Convention shall remain open for accession by any State. The instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

Article 49

1. The present Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth day following the date of deposit with the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the twentieth instrument of ratification or accession.

2. For each State ratifying or acceding to the Convention after the deposit of the twentieth instrument of ratification or accession, the Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after the deposit by such State of its instrument of ratification or accession.

Article 50

1. Any State Party may propose an amendment and file it with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. The Secretary-General shall thereupon communicate the proposed amendment to States Parties, with a request that they indicate whether they favour a conference of States Parties for the purpose of considering and voting upon the proposals. In the event that, within four months from the date of such communication, at least one third of the States Parties favour such a conference, the Secretary-General shall convene the conference under the auspices of the United Nations. Any amendment adopted by a majority of States Parties present and voting at the conference shall be submitted to the General Assembly for approval.

2. An amendment adopted in accordance with paragraph 1 of the present article shall enter into force when it has been approved by the General Assembly of the United Nations and accepted by a two-thirds majority of States Parties.

3. When an amendment enters into force, it shall be binding on those States Parties which have accepted it, other States Parties still being bound by the provisions of the present Convention and any earlier amendments which they have accepted.

Article 51

1. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall receive and circulate to all States the text of reservations made by States at the time of ratification or accession.

2. A reservation incompatible with the object and purpose of the present Convention shall not be permitted.

3. Reservations may be withdrawn at any time by notification to that effect addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall then inform all States. Such notification shall take effect on the date on which it is received by the Secretary-General

Article 52

A State Party may denounce the present Convention by written notification to the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Denunciation becomes effective one year after the date of receipt of the notification by the Secretary-General.

Article 53

The Secretary-General of the United Nations is designated as the depositary of the present Convention.

Article 54

The original of the present Convention, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.