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WIKIBOOKS
DISPONIBILI
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ART
- Great Painters
BUSINESS&LAW
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- Fundamentals of Law
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CARS
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GAMES&SPORT
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COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY
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MEDICINE
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TRADITIONS
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NATURE
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ARTICLES IN THE BOOK

  1. African American Vernacular English
  2. American and British English differences
  3. American and British English pronunciation differences
  4. American English
  5. Americanism
  6. American National Corpus
  7. Appalachian English
  8. Baby mama
  9. Baltimorese
  10. Boston accent
  11. Boston Brahmin accent
  12. Boston slang
  13. British and American keyboards
  14. Buffalo English
  15. California English
  16. Central Pennsylvania accent
  17. Century Dictionary
  18. Chinook Jargon use by English Language speakers
  19. Dictionary of American Regional English
  20. English-language vowel changes before historic l
  21. General American
  22. Harkers Island%2C North Carolina
  23. Inland Northern American English
  24. Intervocalic alveolar flapping
  25. List of British idioms
  26. List of British words not widely used in the United States
  27. L-vocalization
  28. Maine-New Hampshire English
  29. Names of numbers in English
  30. New Jersey English
  31. New York dialect
  32. New York Latino English
  33. Nigga
  34. North American English
  35. North American regional phonology
  36. North Central American English
  37. Northeast Pennsylvania English
  38. Northern cities vowel shift
  39. Ozark Southern English
  40. Pacific Northwest English
  41. Pennsylvania Dutch English
  42. Philadelphia accent
  43. Phonological history of English low back vowels
  44. Phonological history of English short A
  45. Pittsburgh English
  46. Pronunciation respelling for English
  47. Regional vocabularies of American English
  48. Rhotic and non-rhotic accents
  49. Southern American English
  50. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
  51. The American Language
  52. Tidewater accent
  53. Utah English
  54. Vermont English
  55. Whilst
  56. Y'all
  57. Yat
  58. Yooper dialect

 

 
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AMERICAN ENGLISH
This article is from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yooper_dialect

All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License 

Yooper dialect

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

Yooper is a form of North Central American English mostly spoken in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, which gives the dialect its name (from UP for Upper Peninsula). The dialect is also found in most northern areas of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan and northern portions of Wisconsin.

Yooper differs from standard English primarily due to the linguistic background of settlers to the area. The majority of people living in the Upper Peninsula are of either Finnish, Flemish, Scandinavian, or German descent. Yooper is so massively influenced by these languages that speakers from other areas may have difficulty understanding it. The Yooper dialect is also influenced by the Finnish language making it similar in character to the so-called "Rayncher speek" of the Mesabi Iron Range in northeast Minnesota.

Differences between Yooper and standard English

Ethnic makeup of the USA in 2000. The western part of Upper Peninsula is the only region in the U.S. where Finnish Americans (light green) form the plurality.
Ethnic makeup of the USA in 2000. The western part of Upper Peninsula is the only region in the U.S. where Finnish Americans (light green) form the plurality.
  • Canadian raising
  • "roof", "book", and "root" all use the same vowel.
  • "caught" and "cot" are pronounced in exactly the same way ('kät).
  • Use of German/Scandinavian "ja" as an affirmative filler or emphatic; the standard American English "yes" is used to answer questions and to start an explanation.
  • Tendency towards a "sing-song" intonation. The area's earliest European settlers were primarily Scandinavian, and this has influenced the local dialect. More recently, this has been reinforced by an influx of Asian immigrants, most of whom speak tonal languages.
  • W becomes V, particularly well to vell and what to vaht, as in German pronunciation. This feature appears to be found mostly in people born before 1970. This feature is possibly found in some regions of the UP, but not the UP as a whole.
  • Ending of sentences in "Eh (Aye)?" or "Ya know?" Used at end of sentences with the expectation of receiving an affirmative response ("So, you're /yɛr/ goin' out t'nide, eh?"). This is often associated with Canadian English, but used exclusively in either expectation of a response or as a repetition of a statement made by the co-conversant. "Hey" is used interchangeably and perhaps more often among younger Yoopers.
  • German second verb word order ("We are going to hunt deer" becomes "We're goin deer huntin'"), although this construction is common outside the UP, and its roots have not been documented as originating from the German.
  • German definite articles (The = Da, Dem, Die), also a result of the above replacement of "th" with d, although this could be a coincidental similarity rather than a direct loan from German.
  • Ending of sentences in "You betcha."
  • Pronouncing "creek", "crick."
  • Replacement of dental fricatives with alveolar stops so then becomes den and thigh becomes tie, etc.
  • The progressive and gerund "-ing" becomes "-in'"
  • Deletion of "to the" ex. "I'm goin' mall" or "I'm goin' shop" due to the lack of these words in Finnish.
  • Combining words that precede "you". For example, "don't you" would become "doncha" and "won't you" would become "woncha"
  • Vowels will morph into a double inflection, as though there is another syllable in the word.

External links

  • Article about a Michigan Tech professor's research into Yooper English
  • Yooper Lexicon
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yooper_dialect"