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ARTICLES IN THE BOOK

  1. African American Vernacular English
  2. American and British English differences
  3. American and British English pronunciation differences
  4. American English
  5. Americanism
  6. American National Corpus
  7. Appalachian English
  8. Baby mama
  9. Baltimorese
  10. Boston accent
  11. Boston Brahmin accent
  12. Boston slang
  13. British and American keyboards
  14. Buffalo English
  15. California English
  16. Central Pennsylvania accent
  17. Century Dictionary
  18. Chinook Jargon use by English Language speakers
  19. Dictionary of American Regional English
  20. English-language vowel changes before historic l
  21. General American
  22. Harkers Island%2C North Carolina
  23. Inland Northern American English
  24. Intervocalic alveolar flapping
  25. List of British idioms
  26. List of British words not widely used in the United States
  27. L-vocalization
  28. Maine-New Hampshire English
  29. Names of numbers in English
  30. New Jersey English
  31. New York dialect
  32. New York Latino English
  33. Nigga
  34. North American English
  35. North American regional phonology
  36. North Central American English
  37. Northeast Pennsylvania English
  38. Northern cities vowel shift
  39. Ozark Southern English
  40. Pacific Northwest English
  41. Pennsylvania Dutch English
  42. Philadelphia accent
  43. Phonological history of English low back vowels
  44. Phonological history of English short A
  45. Pittsburgh English
  46. Pronunciation respelling for English
  47. Regional vocabularies of American English
  48. Rhotic and non-rhotic accents
  49. Southern American English
  50. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
  51. The American Language
  52. Tidewater accent
  53. Utah English
  54. Vermont English
  55. Whilst
  56. Y'all
  57. Yat
  58. Yooper dialect

 

 
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AMERICAN ENGLISH
This article is from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-vocalization

All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License 

L-vocalization

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

In linguistics, l-vocalization is a process by which an /l/ sound (a lateral consonant) is replaced by a vowel or semivowel sound. This happens most often to the velarized alveolar lateral approximant [ɫ].

L-vocalization in English

L-vocalization is a notable feature of certain dialects of English, including Cockney and Estuary English, in which an /l/ sound occurring at the end of a word or before a consonant is replaced with a vowel sound, variously transcribed [o], [ʊ] or [w] resulting in pronunciations such as [mɪok], for milk, and [ˈmɪdo], for middle.

Especially in Cockney, l-vocalization can be accompanied by phonemic mergers of vowels before the vocalized /l/. For example, real, reel and rill, which are distinct in Received Pronunciation, are homophones in Cockney as [ɹɪo].

In the accent of Bristol, syllabic /l/ vocalized to /o/, resulting in pronunciations like /ˈbɒto/ (for bottle). By hypercorrection, however, some words originally ending in /o/ had this sound replaced by syllabic /l/: the original name of the town was Bristow, but this has been altered by hypercorrection to Bristol.

In the United States, the dark L in African-American Vernacular English may change to an o, w, or be omitted altogether (i.e. fool becomes [fu], cereal becomes [ˈsiɹio]).

L-vocalization in other languages

  • In early 15th century Middle Scots /al/ (except intervocalically and before /d/), /ol/ and often /ul/ changed to /au/, /ou/ and /u:/. For example all to aw, hald to haud (hold), colt to cowt, ful to fou (full).
  • In Dutch, the combinations old and olt changed to oud and out during the Middle Ages. For example, oud corresponds with English "old".
  • In Brazilian Portuguese, /l/ in syllable coda position becomes the voiced labial-velar approximant [w]. For example, the name of the singer and government minister Gilberto Gil is pronounced [ʒiwˈbɛxtu ʒiw].
  • In Polish, Sorbian languages and Ukrainian (at the end of a closed syllable), historical /ɫ/ has become /w/. For example, the word for "small" in all three languages is mały, pronounced /ˈmawɨ/ (cf. Russian малый [ˈmaɫɨj]). As of the early 2000s, /ɫ/ can still be used by some speakers of eastern Polish dialects, especially in Belarus and Lithuania.
  • In Serbo-Croatian, a historical /l/ in coda position has become /o/ and is now so spelled. For example, the Serbo-Croatian name of Belgrade is Beograd.
  • In Austro-Bavarian, the etymological l is vocalised, surprisingly only after front vowels, into i or y, e.g. vui corresponding with High German viel ("much").
  • In Bernese German, a historical /l/ in coda position has become [w], a historical /lː/—only occurring intervocalically—has become /wː/, whereas intervocalical /l/ persists. The absence of vocalization was one of the distinctive features of the upper class variety which is not much spoken any more. For example, the German name of the city of Biel/Bienne is pronounced [ˈb̥iə̯w].
  • In Bulgarian, young people often pronounce the [ɫ] of the standard language as [w] or [o], especially in an informal context. For example, pronunciations which could be transcribed as [maʊ̯ko] or [mao̯ko] occur instead of standard [maɫko] ("a little"). Unlike the historical sound changes listed above, this is an example of a synchronic variation between speakers that might result in a sound change in the long run.
  • L-vocalization may also be seen in some forms of Arabic, although it is not as pronounced as in European languages.

References

  • Labov, William, Sharon Ash, and Charles Boberg. 2006. The Atlas of North American English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-016746-8.

External links

  • Transcribing Estuary English, by J. C. Wells - discusses the phonetics of l-vocalization in Estuary English and Cockney.
  • L-vocalisations in Estuary English
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-vocalization"