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ARTICLES IN THE BOOK

  1. Almond
  2. Anise
  3. Apple
  4. Apricot
  5. Asparagus
  6. Aubergine
  7. Avocado
  8. Azuki bean
  9. Bamboo shoot
  10. Barley
  11. Basil
  12. Beet
  13. Bell pepper
  14. Blackberry
  15. Black-eyed pea
  16. Black pepper
  17. Black salsify
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  19. Bran
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  21. Breadfruit
  22. Broccoli
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  24. Bulgur
  25. Capsicum
  26. Carambola
  27. Caraway
  28. Cardamom
  29. Carrot
  30. Cashew
  31. Cauliflower
  32. Celery
  33. Cereal
  34. Cherry
  35. Chestnut
  36. Chickpea
  37. Chile pepper
  38. Citron
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  40. Cocoa
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  42. Coffee
  43. Coriander
  44. Couscous
  45. Cranberry
  46. Cucumber
  47. Cumin
  48. Date
  49. Dill
  50. Fennel
  51. Fenugreek
  52. Fig
  53. Garden cress
  54. Garlic
  55. Ginger
  56. Ginseng
  57. Globe Artichoke
  58. Gooseberry
  59. Grape
  60. Grapefruit
  61. Greengage
  62. Guava
  63. Haricot bean
  64. Hazelnut
  65. Juniper
  66. Kentucky coffeetree
  67. Khaki
  68. Kiwifruit
  69. Kumquat
  70. Leek
  71. Legume
  72. Lemon
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  76. Lupin
  77. Lychee
  78. Macadamia
  79. Maize
  80. Mandarin
  81. Marjoram
  82. Melon
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  84. Millet
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  86. Nutmeg
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  95. Passion fruit
  96. Pea
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  112. Raisin
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  114. Rapini
  115. Raspberry
  116. Redcurrant
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  118. Rice
  119. Rosemary
  120. Runner bean
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  122. Salvia
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  124. Sesame
  125. Shallot
  126. Sinapis
  127. Sorghum
  128. Soybean
  129. Spearmint
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  131. Squash
  132. Strawberry
  133. Sugar cane
  134. Sunflower seed
  135. Sweet potato
  136. Tamarillo
  137. Tamarind
  138. Tangerine
  139. Thyme
  140. Tomato
  141. Turnip
  142. Vanilla
  143. Vicia faba
  144. Walnut
  145. Watercress
  146. Watermelon
  147. Wheat
  148. Wild rice
  149. Zucchini

 

 
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FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
This article is from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon

All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License 

Lemon

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 
This article is about the fruit. For other uses, see Lemon (disambiguation)

The lemon (Citrus × limon) is a hybrid citrus tree of cultivated origin. The fruit are used primarily for their juice, though the pulp and rind (zest) are also used, primarily in cooking or mixing. Lemon juice is about 5% citric acid, which gives lemons a sour taste and a pH of 2 to 3. This acidity makes lemon juice a cheap, readily available acid for use in educational chemistry experiments.

Description

lemon tree
lemon tree

A lemon tree can grow up to 6 meters (20 feet), but they are usually smaller. The branches are thorny, and form an open crown. The leaves are green, shiny and elliptical-acuminate. Flowers are white on the outside with a violet streaked interior and have a strong fragrance. On a lemon tree, flowers and ripe fruits can be found at the same time.

Lemon fruit are ovoid with a pointed tip at the end. When ripe, they have a bright yellow skin, a layer of pith underneath and a paler yellow segmented interior.

Cultivation

Lemons grow in tropical and sub-tropical climates and cannot withstand frosts and very cold temperatures. Their favored temperature is between 15–30 °C (60–85 °F) and they need ample quantities of sunlight. They thrive in fertile, well drained soils. Lemons need plenty of water but should be allowed to dry out between waterings. Propagation is often by grafting as the stock is vulnerable to cankers and dry rot.

Lemons are grown commercially in Spain, Portugal, Italy and other Mediterranean countries, Argentina, India, Brazil and the United States. They can be grown as plants in the garden as well as in containers if they are pruned to keep a small form.

Several cultivated varieties of lemon have been produced. Some of the more common are Eureka, Lisbon, Fino and Verna. There are also some lemon hybrids including the Meyer lemon.

History

William-Adolphe Bouguereau Girl Holding Lemons
William-Adolphe Bouguereau Girl Holding Lemons

The lemon is a cultivated hybrid deriving from wild species such as the citron and mandarin. When and where this first occurred is not known. The citron, apparently the fruit described in Pliny's Natural History (XII, vii.15) as the malum medicum — the "medicinal fruit" — seems to have been the first citrus fruit known in the Mediterranean world. Depictions of citrus trees appear in Roman mosaics of North Africa, but the first unequivocal description of the lemon, is found in the early tenth-century Arabic treatise on farming by Qustus al-Rumi. At the end of the twelfth century, Ibn Jami’, personal physician to the great Muslim leader Saladin, wrote a treatise on the lemon, after which it is mentioned with greater frequency in the Mediterranean. However, it is believed that the first lemons were originally cultivated in the hot, semi-arid Deccan Plateau in Central India.

The origin of the name "lemon" is through Persian (لیمو Limu), akin to the Sanskrit nimbuka. They were cultivated in Genoa in the mid-fifteenth century, and appeared in the Azores in 1494. More recent research has identified lemons in the ruins of Pompeii. Lemons were once used by the British Royal navy to combat scurvy, as they provided a large amount of vitamin C.

In food preparation

Lemons
Lemons

Both lemons and limes are regularly served as lemonade or limeade, its equivalent, or as a garnish for drinks such as iced tea or a soft drink, with a slice either inside or on the rim of the glass. Only lemons, however, are used in the Italian liqueur Limoncello. A wedge of lemon is also often used to add flavor to water.

Lemon juice is typically squeezed onto fish dishes; the acidic juice neutralizes the taste of amines in fish by converting them to nonvolatile ammonium salts.

In addition, lemon juice is widely used, along with other ingredients, when marinating meat before cooking: the acid provided by the juice partially hydrolyzes the tough collagen fibers in the meat (tenderize the meat). The juice, however, is not an effective antibiotic, as is commonly thought.

Lemon juice is also sprinkled on cut fruit, such as apples, to prevent oxidation which would otherwise rapidly darken the fruit, making it less appetizing. Some people like to eat lemons as fruit, however water should be consumed afterwards to wash the citric acid and sugar from the teeth, which might otherwise promote tooth decay and many other dental diseases. It can be used on its own or with oranges to make marmalade.

100 milliliters lemon juice contain approximately 50 milligrams of vitamin C and 5 grams citric acid.

There is a belief in Ayurvedic medicine that a cup of hot water with lemon juice in it tonifies and purifies the liver.

Lemon battery

Main article: Lemon battery

A common school experiment involving lemons is to attach electrodes and use them as a battery to power a light. The electricity generated may also be used to power a motor to move the lemons (on wheels) like a car or truck. These experiments also work with other fruit like apples and with potatoes.

Lemon alternatives

Several other plants have a similar taste and smell to lemons. In recent times, the Australian bush food Lemon myrtle has become a popular alternative to lemons. The crushed and dried leaves and edible essential oils have a strong, sweet lemon taste, but contain no citric acid. Lemon myrtle is popular in foods that curdle with lemon juice, such as cheesecake and ice cream.

Many other plants are noted that have a lemon-like taste or scent. Amoung them are Cymbopogon (lemon grass) Lemon balm Lemon thyme Lemon verbena Scented geraniums Certain cultivars of basil Certain cultivars of mint

Gallery

See also

  • Citrus, a genus of flowering plants in the family Rutaceae.
  • Cymbopogon, commonly known as lemon grass.
  • Orange (fruit), a related citrus tree and fruit.
  • Lime (fruit), multiple citruses with green to yellow fruit.
  • Lemonade
  • Extract, technique of extraction and chemicals in lemon oil.
  • Limonene, Chemical that gives the lemon smell.

References

  • Russell, Tony & Catherine Cutler (Hermes House 2004) Trees, an Illustrated Identifier and Encyclopedia Aness Publishing.
  • Paola Lanzara and Mariella Pizzetti Simon & Schuster's Guide to Trees pp. 44. A Fireside Book Published by Simon & Schuster, INC.
  • Lemon Myrtle
  • Lemon Hers

External links

  • (Purdue University) Morton, Julia F. 1987. "Lemon". pp. 160–168, in Fruits of warm climates. (Julia F. Morton, Miami)
  • Andrew M. Watson, 1983. Agricultural Innovation in the Early Islamic World: The Diffusion of Crops and Farming Techniques, 700-1100. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) pp 42-50

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon"