Thesaurus

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The word thesaurus is derived from 16th century New Latin, in turn from Latin thesaurus, from ancient Greek θησαυρός thesauros, "store-house", "treasury". Besides its meaning as a treasury or storehouse, it more commonly means a listing of words with similar, related, or opposite meanings (this new meaning of thesaurus dates back to Roget's Thesaurus). For example, a book of jargon for a specialized field; or more technically a list of subject headings and cross-references used in the filing and retrieval of documents (or indeed papers, certificates, letters, cards, records, texts, files, articles, essays and perhaps even manuscripts), film, sound recordings, machine-readable media, etc.

The first example of this genre, Roget's Thesaurus, was published in 1852, having been compiled earlier, in 1805, by Peter Roget. Entries in Roget's Thesaurus are not listed alphabetically but conceptually and are a great resource for writers.

Although including synonyms and antonyms, entries in a thesaurus should not be taken as a list of them. The entries are also designed for drawing distinctions between similar words and assisting in choosing exactly the right word. Nor does a thesaurus entry define words. That work is left to the dictionary.

In Information Technology, a thesaurus represents a database or list of semantically orthogonal topical search keys. In the field of Artificial Intelligence, a thesaurus may sometimes be referred to as an ontology.

Thesaurus databases, created by international standards, are generally arranged hierarchically by themes and topics. Such a thesaurus places each term in context, allowing a user to distinguish between "bureau" the office and "bureau" the furniture. A thesaurus of this type is often used as the basis of an index for online material. The Art and Architecture Thesaurus, for example, is used to index the national databases of museums, Artefacts Canada, held by the Canadian Heritage Information Network (CHIN).

Definition

A formal definition of a thesaurus designed for indexing is:

• a list of every important term (single-word or multi-word) in a given domain of knowledge; and
• a set of related terms for each term in the list.

Terms are the basic semantic units for conveying concepts. They are usually single-word nouns, since nouns are the most concrete part of speech. Verbs can be converted to nouns -- cleans to cleaning, reads to reading, and so on. Adjectives and adverbs, however, seldom convey any meaning useful for indexing. When a term is ambiguous, a “scope note” can be added to ensure consistency, and give direction on how to interpret the term. Naturally, not every term needs a scope note, but their presence is of considerable help in using a thesaurus correctly and reaching a correct understanding of the given field of knowledge.

Term relationships are links between terms that often describe synonyms, near-synonyms, or hierarchical relations. Synonyms and near-synonyms are indicated by a Related Term (RT). The way the term "Cybernetics" is related to the term "Computers" is an example of such a relationship. Hierarchical relationships are used to indicate terms which are narrower and broader in scope. A Broader Term (BT) is a more general term, e.g. “Apparatus” is a generalization of “Computers”. Reciprocally, a Narrower Term (NT) is a more specific term, e.g. “Digital Computer” is a specialization of “Computer”. BT and NT are reciprocals; a broader term necessarily implies at least one other term which is narrower. Thesaurus designers are generally careful to ensure that BT and NT indicate class relationships, as distinguished from part-whole relationships. Some thesauri also include Use (USE) and Used For (UF) indicators when an authorized term is to be used for another, unauthorized, term; for example the entry for the authorized term "Frequency" could have the indicator "UF Pitch". Reciprocally, the entry for the unauthorized term "Pitch" would have the indicator "USE Frequency".

Examples

• Wiktionary.
• Thesaurus of English Words & Phrases (ed. P. Roget); ISBN 0-06-272037-6, see: Roget's Thesaurus.
• The Synonym Finder (ed. J. I. Rodale); ISBN 0-87857-236-8
• Webster's New World Thesaurus (ed. C. Laird); ISBN 0-671-51983-2
• Oxford American Desk Thesaurus (ed. C. Lindberg); ISBN 0-19-512674-2
• Random House Word Menu by Stephen Glazier; ISBN 0-679-40030-3, an unusual blend of thesaurus, dictionary, and glossary.

Specialized

• Evaluation Thesaurus (by. M. Scriven); ISBN 0-8039-4364-4
• Great Song Thesaurus (by R. Lax & F. Smith); ISBN 0-19-505408-3
• Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms (APA); ISBN 1-55798-775-0
• Clinician's Thesaurus, (by E.Zuckerman); ISBN 1-57230-569-X
• Art and Architecture Thesaurus, (Getty Institute)
• AGROVOC Thesaurus, (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations)
• GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus, (European Environment Agency)

External links

• University of Utrecht Thesaurus Musicarum Italicarum
• Lexico, Inc.'s Thesaurus.com
• WordNet
• Roget's International Thesaurus
• Multilingual online thesaurus and Wordnet explanationary dictionary
• Aiksaurus (Online version)
• Probation Thesaurus
• The Phrase Finder
• eLook Thesaurus
• WordWeb Online dictionary-thesaurus
• Visual thesaurus
• Art and Architecture Thesaurus
• Thesaurusizer A fun translator
• woerterbuch.info — English-German Online Dictionary/Thesaurus with over 600.000 translations
• English Thesaurus — An easy to use online thesaurus. Based on the Moby English Thesaurus with ~30000 categories and ~2.5M index entries.
• Controlled Vocabularies Resource Guide
• ANSI/NISO Z39.19 Guidelines for the Construction, Format, and Management of Monolingual Controlled Vocabularies "presents guidelines and conventions for the contents, display, construction, testing, maintenance, and management of monolingual controlled vocabularies. It focuses on controlled vocabularies that are used for the representation of content objects in knowledge organization systems including lists, synonym rings, taxonomies, and thesauri."

See also

• Controlled vocabulary
• Dictionary
• Ontology (computer science)
• Simple Knowledge Organisation System