-
May
-
Giulio Andreotti
-
Samsung Galaxy S4
-
Lawfare
-
Inferno (Dan Brown novel)
-
Florence Nightingale
-
Morse code
-
UK Independence Party
-
Beppe Grillo
-
Italian neorealism
-
Street performance
-
Oxford English Dictionary
-
Financial Times
-
Margaret Thatcher
-
Old English
-
Ottavio Missoni
-
Survivalism
-
Franco Battiato
-
Alternative for Germany
-
Party
-
Tattoo removal
-
United States Constitution
-
Unmanned aerial vehicle (Drone)
-
Pilates
-
Immortality
-
3D printing
-
Conflict of interest
-
Hanna-Barbera
-
Enrico Letta
-
French cuisine
-
Justin Bieber
|
WIKIMAG n. 6 - Maggio 2013
Oxford English Dictionary
Text is available under the
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional
terms may apply. See
Terms of
Use for details.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the
Wikimedia Foundation,
Inc., a non-profit organization.
Traduzione
interattiva on/off
- Togli il segno di spunta per disattivarla
The Oxford English Dictionary (OED),
published by the
Oxford University Press, is the premier British
dictionary of the
English language.[2]
Work began on the dictionary in 1857[3]:103–4,112
but it was not until 1884 that it started to be published in unbound
fascicles as work continued on the project under the name A New
English Dictionary on Historical Principles; Founded Mainly on the
Materials Collected by The Philological Society.[4]:169
In 1895, the title The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) was
first used[5]
unofficially on the covers of the series and in 1928 the full dictionary
was republished in ten bound volumes. In 1933, it fully replaced the
name in all occurrences to The Oxford English Dictionary (OED)
in its reprinting as twelve volumes with a one volume supplement[5]
and more supplements came over the years until in 1989 when the second
edition was published in twenty volumes.[5]
As of 24 March 2011, the editors had completed the third edition from
M to
Ryvita.
With descriptions for approximately 600,000 words, the Oxford English
Dictionary is the world's most comprehensive single-language print
dictionary according to the
Guinness Book of World Records.[citation
needed]
The first electronic version of the dictionary was made available in
1988. The online version has been available since 2000, and as of August
2010 was receiving two million hits per month from paying subscribers.
The chief executive of Oxford University Press, Nigel Portwood, feels it
unlikely that the third edition will ever be printed.[6]
Publication dates |
1888 |
A |
A New ED |
Vol. 1 |
1893 |
C |
NED |
Vol. 2 |
1897 |
D |
NED |
Vol. 3 |
1900 |
F |
NED |
Vol. 4 |
1901 |
H |
NED |
Vol. 5 |
1908 |
L |
NED |
Vol. 6 |
1909 |
O |
NED |
Vol. 7 |
1914 |
Q |
NED |
Vol. 8 |
1919 |
Si |
NED |
Vol. 9/1 |
1919 |
Su |
NED |
Vol. 9/2 |
1926 |
Ti |
NED |
Vol. 10/1 |
1928 |
V |
NED |
Vol. 10/2 |
1928 |
all |
NED |
12 vols. |
1933 |
& sup. |
Oxford ED |
13 vols. |
1972 |
A |
OED Sup. |
Vol. 1 |
1976 |
H |
OED Sup. |
Vol. 2 |
1982 |
O |
OED Sup. |
Vol. 3 |
1986 |
Sea |
OED Sup. |
Vol. 4 |
1989 |
all |
OED 2nd Ed. |
20 vols. |
1993 |
all |
OED Add. Ser. |
Vols. 1–2 |
1997 |
all |
OED Add. Ser. |
Vol. 3 |
Entries and
relative size
According to the publishers, it would take a single person 120 years
to "key in" text to convert it to machine readable form which consists a
total of 59 million words of the OED second edition, 60 years to
proofread it, and 540
megabytes to store it electronically.[7]
As of 30 November 2005, the Oxford English Dictionary contained
approximately 301,100 main entries. Supplementing the entry
headwords, there are 157,000 bold-type combinations and derivatives;
169,000 italicized-bold phrases and combinations; 616,500 word-forms in
total, including 137,000
pronunciations; 249,300
etymologies; 577,000 cross-references; and 2,412,400 usage
quotations. The dictionary's latest, complete print edition (Second
Edition, 1989) was printed in 20 volumes, comprising 291,500 entries in
21,730 pages. The longest entry in the OED2 was for the verb set,
which required 60,000 words to describe some 430 senses. As entries
began to be revised for the OED3 in sequence starting from M, the
longest entry became make in 2000, then put in 2007.[8]
Despite its impressive size, the OED is neither the world's
largest nor the earliest exhaustive dictionary of a language. The Dutch
dictionary
Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal, which has similar aims to
the OED, is the largest, taking twice as long to complete.
Another earlier large dictionary is the
Grimm brothers'
dictionary of the German language, begun in 1838 and completed in
1961. The first edition of the
Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca, which is the first
great dictionary devoted to a modern European language (Italian), was
published in 1612; the first edition of
Dictionnaire de l'Académie française dates from 1694. The first
edition of the official dictionary of Spanish, the
Diccionario de la lengua española (produced, edited, and
published by the
Real Academia Española) was published in 1780. The
Kangxi dictionary of Chinese was published even earlier, in 1716.[citation
needed]
The OED's official policy is to attempt to record a word's
most-known usages and variants in all varieties of English past and
present, worldwide. Per the 1933 "Preface":
The aim of this Dictionary is to present in alphabetical series
the words that have formed the English vocabulary from the time
of the earliest records [ca. AD740] down to the present day,
with all the relevant facts concerning their form,
sense-history, pronunciation, and etymology. It embraces not
only the standard language of literature and conversation,
whether current at the moment, or obsolete, or archaic, but also
the main technical vocabulary, and a large measure of dialectal
usage and slang.
It continues:
Hence we exclude all words that had become obsolete by 1150 [the
end of the
Old English era]... Dialectal words and forms which occur
since 1500 are not admitted, except when they continue the
history of the word or sense once in general use, illustrate the
history of a word, or have themselves a certain literary
currency.
The OED is the focus of much scholarly work about English
words. Its headword
variant spellings order list influences written English in
English-speaking countries.[citation
needed]
History
Origins
At first, the dictionary was unconnected to
Oxford University but was the idea of a small group of intellectuals
in London;[3]:103–4,112
it originally was a
Philological Society project conceived in London by
Richard Chenevix Trench,
Herbert Coleridge, and
Frederick Furnivall, who were dissatisfied with the current English
dictionaries. In June 1857, they formed an "Unregistered Words
Committee" to search for unlisted and undefined words lacking in current
dictionaries. In November, Trench's report was not a list of
unregistered words; instead, it was the study On Some Deficiencies in
our English Dictionaries, which identified seven distinct
shortcomings in contemporary dictionaries:
- Incomplete coverage of obsolete words
- Inconsistent coverage of families of related words
- Incorrect dates for earliest use of words
- History of obsolete senses of words often omitted
- Inadequate distinction among
synonyms
- Insufficient use of good illustrative quotations
- Space wasted on inappropriate or redundant content.
The Philological Society, however, ultimately realized that the
number of unlisted words would be far more than the number of words in
the English dictionaries of the 19th century. The Society eventually
shifted their idea from only words that were not already in English
dictionaries to a more comprehensive project. Trench suggested that a
new, truly comprehensive dictionary was needed. On 7 January
1858, the Society formally adopted the idea of a comprehensive new
dictionary.[3]:107–8
Volunteer readers would be assigned particular books, copying passages
illustrating word usage onto quotation slips. In 1858, the Society
agreed to the project in principle, with the title A New English
Dictionary on Historical Principles (NED).
Early editors
Richard Chenevix Trench played the key role in the project's first
months, but his
Church of England appointment as
Dean of Westminster meant that he could not give the dictionary
project the time it required; he withdrew, and
Herbert Coleridge became the first editor.
On 12 May 1860, Coleridge's dictionary plan was published, and
research started. His house was the first editorial office. He arrayed
100,000 quotation slips in a 54-pigeon-hole grid. In April 1861, the
group published the first sample pages; later that month, the
thirty-year-old Coleridge died of
tuberculosis.
Furnivall then became editor; he was enthusiastic and knowledgeable,
yet temperamentally ill-suited for the work.[3]:110
Many volunteer readers eventually lost interest in the project as
Furnivall failed to keep them motivated. Furthermore, many of the slips
had been misplaced.
Furnivall believed that since many printed texts from earlier
centuries were not readily available, it would be impossible for
volunteers to efficiently locate the quotations that the dictionary
needed. As a result, Furnival founded the
Early English Text Society in 1864 and the Chaucer Society in 1868
to publish old manuscripts. Furnivall's preparatory efforts, which
lasted 21 years, provided numerous texts for the use and enjoyment of
the general public as well as crucial sources for lexicographers, but
did not actually involve compiling a dictionary. Furnivall recruited
over 800 volunteers to read these texts and record quotations. While
enthusiastic, the volunteers were not well trained and often made
inconsistent and arbitrary selections. Ultimately, Furnivall would hand
over nearly two tons of quotation slips and other materials to his
successor.[9]
In the 1870s, Furnivall unsuccessfully attempted to recruit both
Henry Sweet and
Henry Nicol to succeed him. He then approached
James Murray, who accepted the post of editor. In the late 1870s,
Furnivall and Murray met with several publishers about publishing the
dictionary. In 1878, Oxford University Press agreed with Murray to
proceed with the massive project; the agreement was formalized the
following year.[3]:111–2
The dictionary project finally had a publisher 20 years after the idea
was conceived. It would be another 50 years before the entire dictionary
was complete.
Late in his editorship Murray learned that one prolific reader,
W. C. Minor, was a criminal lunatic.[3]:xiii
Minor, a Yale University trained surgeon and military officer in the
U.S. Civil War, was confined to
Broadmoor Asylum for the Criminally Insane after killing a man in
London. Minor invented his own quotation-tracking system allowing him to
submit slips on specific words in response to editors' requests. The
story of Murray and Minor later served as the central focus of
a popular 20th-century book about the creation of the OED.
Oxford editors
During the 1870s, the Philological Society was concerned with the
process of publishing a dictionary with such an immense scope. Although
they had pages printed by publishers, no publication agreement was
reached; both the
Cambridge University Press and the
Oxford University Press were approached. Finally, in 1879, after two
years' negotiating by Sweet, Furnivall, and Murray, the OUP agreed to
publish the dictionary and to pay the editor, Murray, who was also the
Philological Society president. The dictionary was to be published as
interval fascicles, with the final form in four 6,400-page volumes. They
hoped to finish the project in ten years.
Murray started the project, working in a
corrugated iron outbuilding, the "Scriptorium",
which was lined with wooden planks, book shelves, and 1,029 pigeon-holes
for the quotation slips. He tracked and regathered Furnivall's
collection of quotation slips, which were found to concentrate on rare,
interesting words rather than common usages: for instance, there were
ten times as many quotations for abusion than for abuse.[10]
Through newspapers distributed to bookshops and libraries, he appealed
for readers who would report "as many quotations as you can for ordinary
words" and for words that were "rare, obsolete, old-fashioned, new,
peculiar or used in a peculiar way".[10]
Murray had American philologist and
liberal-arts-college professor
Francis March manage the collection in North America; 1,000
quotation slips arrived daily to the Scriptorium, and by 1882, there
were 3,500,000.
The first Dictionary fascicle was published on 1 February
1884—twenty-three years after Coleridge's sample pages. The full title
was A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles; Founded Mainly
on the Materials Collected by The Philological Society; the 352-page
volume, words from A to Ant, cost 12s.6d
(equivalent to £265 for 2010)[11]
or (US$3.25) at the time. The total sales were a disappointing 4,000
copies.[4]:169
The OUP saw it would take too long to complete the work with
unrevised editorial arrangements. Accordingly, new assistants were hired
and two new demands were made on Murray. The first was that he moved
from
Mill Hill to
Oxford; he did, in 1885. Murray had his Scriptorium re-erected on
his new property.
The 78 Banbury Road,
Oxford, house, erstwhile residence of
James Murray, Editor of the Oxford English Dictionary
Murray resisted the second demand: that if he could not meet
schedule, he must hire a second, senior editor to work in parallel to
him, outside his supervision, on words from elsewhere in the alphabet.
Murray did not want to share the work, feeling he would accelerate his
work pace with experience.[citation
needed] That turned out not to be so, and Philip
Gell of the OUP forced the promotion of Murray's assistant
Henry Bradley (hired by Murray in 1884), who worked independently in
the
British Museum in London, beginning in 1888. In 1896, Bradley moved
to Oxford University.
Gell continued harassing Murray and Bradley with his business
concerns—containing costs and speeding production—to the point where the
project's collapse seemed likely. Newspapers, particularly the
Saturday Review, reported the harassment, and public opinion
backed the editors.[4]:182–83
Gell was fired, and the University reversed his cost policies. If the
editors felt that the Dictionary would have to grow larger, it would; it
was an important work, and worth the time and money to properly finish.
Neither Murray nor Bradley lived to see it. Murray died in 1915, having
been responsible for words starting with A–D, H–K, O–P
and T, nearly half the finished dictionary; Bradley died in 1923,
having completed E–G, L–M, S–Sh, St and
W–We. By then two additional editors had been promoted from
assistant work to independent work, continuing without much trouble.
William Craigie, starting in 1901, was responsible for N,
Q–R, Si–Sq, U–V and Wo–Wy. Whereas previously
the OUP had thought London too far from Oxford, after 1925 Craigie
worked on the dictionary in Chicago, where he was a professor. The
fourth editor was
CT Onions, who, starting in 1914, compiled the remaining ranges,
Su–Sz, Wh–Wo and X–Z.[citation
needed] It was around this time that
J. R. R. Tolkien was employed by the OED, researching etymologies of
the Waggle to Warlock range;[12]
he parodied the principal editors as "The Four Wise Clerks of Oxenford"
in the story
Farmer Giles of Ham.
Julian Barnes also was an employee; he was said[who?]
to dislike the work.
Fascicles
By early 1894 a total of 11 fascicles had been published, or about
one per year: four for A–B, five for C, and two for E.
Of these, eight were 352 pages long, while the last one in each group
was shorter to end at the letter break (which would eventually become a
volume break). At this point it was decided to publish the work in
smaller and more frequent instalments: once every three months,
beginning in 1895, there would now be a fascicle of 64 pages, priced at
2s.6d. (or US$1). If enough material was ready, 128 or even 192 pages
would be published together. This pace was maintained until World War I
forced reductions in staff. Each time enough consecutive pages were
available, the same material was also published in the original larger
fascicles.[citation
needed]
Also in 1895, the title Oxford English Dictionary (OED)
was first used. It then appeared only on the outer covers of the
fascicles; the original title was still the official one and was used
everywhere else. The 125th and last fascicle, covering words from
Wise to the end of W, was published on 19 April 1928, and the
full Dictionary in bound volumes followed immediately.[citation
needed]
The early modern English prose of Sir
Thomas Browne is probably the most frequently quoted source of
neologisms in the completed dictionary.
William Shakespeare is the most-quoted writer, with
Hamlet
his most-quoted work.
George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) is the most-quoted woman writer.
Collectively, the
Bible is
the most-quoted work (but in many different translations); the
most-quoted single work is
Cursor Mundi.
Oxford English Dictionary and First Supplement
Between 1928 and 1933 enough additional material had been compiled to
make a one volume supplement so the dictionary was reissued as the set
of 12 volumes and a one-volume supplement in 1933.
Second Supplement and Second Edition
In 1933 Oxford had finally put the Dictionary to rest; all work
ended, and the quotation slips went into storage. However, the English
language continued to change, and by the time 20 years had passed, the
Dictionary was outdated.
There were three possible ways to update it. The cheapest would have
been to leave the existing work alone and simply compile a new
supplement of perhaps one or two volumes; but then anyone looking for a
word or sense and unsure of its age would have to look in three
different places. The most convenient choice for the user would have
been for the entire dictionary to be re-edited and
retypeset, with each change included in its proper alphabetical
place; but this would have been the most expensive option, with perhaps
15 volumes required to be produced. The OUP chose a middle approach:
combining the new material with the existing supplement to form a larger
replacement supplement.
Robert Burchfield was hired in 1957 to edit the second supplement;
Onions, who turned 84 that year, was still able to make some
contributions as well. Burchfield emphasized the inclusion of modern-day
language, and through the supplement the dictionary was expanded to
include a wealth of new words from the burgeoning fields of science and
technology, as well as popular culture and colloquial speech. Burchfield
said that he broadened the scope to include developments of the language
in
English-speaking regions beyond the United Kingdom, including North
America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Pakistan, and the
Caribbean. In 2012 it emerged that Burchfield's second supplement had
removed a large number of words which were present in the earlier 1933
supplement supervised by Onions, which his second supplement
incorporated. The proportion was estimated from a sample calculation to
amount to 17% of the foreign
loan words and words from regional forms of English. Many of these
had only a single recorded usage, but it ran against what was thought to
be the established OED editorial practice and a perception that he had
opened up the dictionary to 'World English'.[13][14][15]
The work on the supplement was expected to take seven to ten years.[citation
needed] It actually took 29 years, by which time
the new supplement (OEDS) had grown to four volumes, starting
with A, H, O and Sea. They were published in
1972, 1976, 1982, and 1986 respectively, bringing the complete
dictionary to 16 volumes, or 17 counting the first supplement.
By this time it was clear that the full text of the Dictionary would
now need to be computerized. Achieving this would require retyping it
once, but thereafter it would always be accessible for computer
searching – as well as for whatever new editions of the dictionary might
be desired, starting with an integration of the supplementary volumes
and the main text. Preparation for this process began in 1983, and
editorial work started the following year under the administrative
direction of Timothy J. Benbow, with
John A. Simpson and
Edmund S. C. Weiner as co-editors.
Editing an entry of the NOED using
LEXX
And so the New Oxford English Dictionary (NOED) project began.
More than 120 keyboarders of the International Computaprint Corporation
in
Tampa, Florida, and
Fort Washington, Pennsylvania, USA, started keying in over
350,000,000 characters, their work checked by 55 proof-readers in
England. Retyping the text alone was not sufficient; all the information
represented by the complex
typography of the original dictionary had to be retained, which was
done by
marking up the content in
SGML. A specialized
search engine and display software were also needed to access it.
Under a 1985 agreement, some of this software work was done at the
University of Waterloo, Canada, at the Centre for the New Oxford
English Dictionary, led by
Frank Tompa and
Gaston Gonnet; this search technology went on to become the basis
for the
Open Text Corporation. Computer hardware, database and other
software, development managers, and programmers for the project were
donated by the British subsidiary of
IBM; the
colour syntax-directed editor for the project,
LEXX, was written by
Mike Cowlishaw of IBM.[16]
The University of Waterloo, in Canada, volunteered to design the
database. A. Walton Litz, an English professor at Princeton University
who served on the Oxford University Press advisory council, was quoted
in
Time as saying "I've never been associated with a project,
I've never even heard of a project, that was so incredibly complicated
and that met every deadline."[17]
By 1989 the NOED project had achieved its primary goals, and the
editors, working online, had successfully combined the original text,
Burchfield's supplement, and a small amount of newer material, into a
single unified dictionary. The word "new" was again dropped from the
name, and the Second Edition of the OED, or the OED2, was
published. The first edition
retronymically became the OED1.
The OED2 was printed in 20 volumes. For the first time, there
was no attempt to start them on letter boundaries, and they were made
roughly equal in size. The 20 volumes started with A, B.B.C.,
Cham, Creel, Dvandva, Follow, Hat,
Interval, Look, Moul, Ow, Poise,
Quemadero, Rob, Ser, Soot, Su, Thru,
Unemancipated, and Wave.
Although the content of the OED2 is mostly just a
reorganization of the earlier corpus, the retypesetting provided an
opportunity for two long-needed format changes. The headword of each
entry was no longer capitalized, allowing the user to readily see those
words that actually require a capital letter. Also, whereas Murray had
devised his own notation for pronunciation, there being no standard
available at the time, the OED2 adopted the modern
International Phonetic Alphabet. Unlike the earlier edition, all
foreign alphabets except Greek were transliterated.
The British quiz show
Countdown has awarded the leather-bound complete version to the
champions of each series since its inception in 1982.
When the print version of the second edition was published in 1989,
the response was enthusiastic. The author
Anthony Burgess declared it "the greatest publishing event of the
century", as quoted by the Los Angeles Times.[18]
Time dubbed the book "a scholarly Everest",[17]
and
Richard Boston, writing for
The Guardian, called it "one of the wonders of the world".[19]
New material was published in the Oxford English Dictionary
Additions Series, which consisted of two small volumes in 1993, and
a third in 1997, bringing the dictionary to a total of 23 volumes. Each
of the supplements added about 3,000 new definitions. However, no more
Additions volumes are planned, and it is not expected that any part of
the Third Edition, or OED3, will be printed in fascicles.
Compact editions
In 1971, the 13-volume OED1 (1933) was reprinted as a two-volume,
Compact Edition, by photographically reducing each page to one-half
its linear dimensions; each compact edition page held four OED1 pages in
a four-up ("4-up") format. The two volume letters were A and P;
the Supplement was at the second volume's end.
The Compact Edition included, in a small slip-case drawer, a
magnifying glass to help in reading reduced type. Many copies were
inexpensively distributed through
book clubs. In 1987, the second Supplement was published as a third
volume to the Compact Edition. In 1991, for the OED2, the compact
edition format was re-sized to one-third of original linear dimensions,
a nine-up ("9-up") format requiring greater magnification, but allowing
publication of a single-volume dictionary. It was accompanied by a
magnifying glass as before and A User's Guide to the "Oxford English
Dictionary", by Donna Lee Berg. After these volumes were published,
though, book club offers commonly continued to sell the two-volume 1971
Compact Edition.
The 'Oxford Compact English Dictionary', edited by Della Thompson and
published in 1996, is a single-volume edition.
Electronic
versions
A screenshot of the first version of the OED Second Edition
CD-ROM software.
Once the text of the dictionary was digitized and online, it was also
available to be published on
CD-ROM.
The text of the First Edition was made available in 1988. Afterward,
three versions of the second edition were issued. Version 1 (1992) was
identical in content to the printed Second Edition, and the CD itself
was not copy-protected. Version 2 (1999) had some additions to the
corpus, and updated software with improved searching features, but it
had clumsy copy-protection that made it difficult to use and would even
cause the program to deny use to OUP staff in the midst of demonstrating
the product.[citation
needed]
Version 3.0 was released in 2002 with additional words and software
improvements, though its copy-protection remained as unforgiving as that
of the earlier version. Version 3.1.1 (2007) includes a return to the
less restrictive nature of version 1, with support for hard disk
installation, so that the user does not have to insert the CD to use the
dictionary. It has been reported that this version will work on
operating systems other than
Microsoft Windows, using
emulation programs.[20][21]
Version 4.0 of the CD, available since June 2009, works with Windows 7
and, for the first time ever, with Mac OS X (10.4 or later).[22][23]
This version will use the CD drive for installation, running only from
the hard drive.
On 14 March 2000, the Oxford English Dictionary Online (OED
Online) became available to subscribers.[24]
The online database contains the entire OED2 and is updated
quarterly with revisions that will be included in the OED3 (see
below). The online edition is the most up-to-date version of the
dictionary available. Whilst the OED web site is not optimised for
mobile devices, they have stated that there are plans to provide an API
which would enable developers to develop different interfaces for
querying the OED.[25]
As the price for an individual to use this edition, even after a
reduction in 2004, is £195 or US$295 every year, most subscribers are
large organizations such as universities. Some of them do not use the
Oxford English Dictionary Online portal and have legally downloaded the
entire database into their organization's computers.[citation
needed] Some public libraries and companies have
subscribed as well, including, in March and April 2006, most public
libraries in England, Wales, and New Zealand;[26][27][28]
any person belonging to a library subscribing to the service is able to
use the service from their own home without charge.
Another method of payment was introduced in 2004, offering residents
of North or South America the opportunity to pay US$29.95 a month to
access the online site.[citation
needed]
Third Edition
The Oxford English Dictionary Third Edition, or OED3,
is intended as a nearly complete overhaul of the work. Each word is
being examined and revised to improve the accuracy of the definitions,
derivations, pronunciations, and historical quotations—a task requiring
the efforts of a staff consisting of more than 300 scholars,
researchers, readers, and consultants, and projected to cost about £35
million (US$55 million)[citation
needed]. The result is expected to double the
overall length of the text. The style of the dictionary will also change
slightly. The original text was more literary, in that most of the
quotations were taken from novels, plays, and other literary sources.
The new edition, however, will reference all manner of printed
resources, such as cookbooks, wills, technical manuals, specialist
journals, and rock lyrics. The pace of inclusion of new words has been
increased to the rate of about 4,000 a year. The estimated date of
completion is 2037.[29][30]
New content can be viewed through the OED Online or on the
periodically updated CD-ROM edition.
As of 1993, John Simpson is the Chief Editor. Since the early work by
each editor tends to be less polished and require more revision than
their later work, it was decided to begin work on the current revision
at a letter other than A (where work on the first edition was
begun) in order to balance out this effect. Accordingly, the main work
of the OED3 has been proceeding in sequence from the letter M.
When the OED Online was launched in March 2000, it included the first
batch of revised entries (officially described as draft entries),
stretching from M to mahurat, and successive sections of
text have since been released on a quarterly basis; by 24 March 2011,
the revised section had reached Ryvita, and by December 2012,
revisions reached "statuvolize, v.".
As new work is done on words in other parts of the alphabet, this is
also included in each quarterly release. In March 2008, the editors
announced that they would alternate each quarter between moving forward
in the alphabet as before and updating "key English words from across
the alphabet, along with the other words which make up the alphabetical
cluster surrounding them".
The production of the new edition takes full advantage of computers,
particularly since the June 2005 inauguration of the whimsically named
"Perfect
All-Singing All-Dancing
Editorial and
Notation
Application", or "Pasadena". With this
XML-based
system, the attention of lexicographers can be directed more to matters
of content than to presentation issues such as the numbering of
definitions. The new system has also simplified the use of the
quotations database, and enabled staff in New York to work directly on
the Dictionary in the same way as their Oxford-based counterparts.[31]
Other important computer uses include internet searches for evidence
of current usage, and e-mail submissions of quotations by readers and
the general public.
Wordhunt was a 2005 appeal to the general public for help in
providing citations for 50 selected recent words, and produced
antedatings for many. The results were reported in a BBC TV series,
Balderdash and Piffle. The OED's
small army of devoted readers continue to contribute quotations; the
department currently receives about 200,000 a year.
Spelling
The OED lists British headword spellings (e.g. labour,
centre) with variants following (labor, center, etc.).
For the suffix more commonly spelt -ise in British English,
OUP policy dictates a preference for the spelling -ize, e.g.
realize vs realise and globalization vs
globalisation. The rationale is etymological, in that the English
suffix mainly derives from the Greek suffix -ιζειν, (-izein),
or the Latin -izāre. However -ze is also sometimes treated
as an Americanism insofar as the -ze suffix has crept into words
where it did not originally belong, as with analyse (British
English), which is spelt analyze in American English.[32]
See also -ise/-ize at
American and British English spelling differences.
The sentence "The group analysed labour statistics published by the
organization" is an example of OUP practice. This spelling (indicated
with the registered
IANA language tag en-GB-oed) is used by the United Nations,
the
World Trade Organization, the
International Organization for Standardization, and many British
academic publications, such as
Nature, the
Biochemical Journal, and
The Times Literary Supplement.
Criticisms
Despite its claim of authority[5]
on the English language, the Oxford English Dictionary has been
criticised from various angles. It has become a target precisely
because of its massiveness, its claims to authority, and above all
its influence[citation
needed]. In his review of the 1982 supplement,
University of Oxford linguist
Roy Harris writes that criticizing the OED is extremely
difficult because "one is dealing not just with a dictionary but with a
national institution", one that "has become, like the English monarchy,
virtually immune from criticism in principle".[33]:935
Harris also criticises what he sees as the "black-and-white
lexicography" of the Dictionary, by which he means its reliance
upon printed language over spoken—and then only privileged forms of
printing. He further notes that, while neologisms from respected
"literary" authors such as
Samuel Beckett and
Virginia Woolf are included, usage of words in newspapers or other,
less "respectable", sources hold less sway, although they may be
commonly used.[33]:935
He writes that the OED’s "[b]lack-and-white lexicography is also
black-and-white in that it takes upon itself to pronounce
authoritatively on the rights and wrongs of usage",[33]:935
faulting the Dictionary’s
prescriptive, rather than
descriptive, usage. To Harris, this prescriptive classification of
certain usages as "erroneous" and the complete omission of
various forms and usages cumulatively represent the "social bias[es]" of
the (presumably well-educated and wealthy) compilers.[33]:936
Harris also faults the editors' "donnish conservatism" and their
adherence to prudish
Victorian morals, citing as an example the non-inclusion of "various
centuries-old 'four-letter words'" until 1972.[33]:935
In contrast,
Tim
Bray, co-creator of eXtensible Markup Language (XML),
credits the OED as the developing inspiration of that
markup language. Similarly, the author
Anu
Garg, founder of Wordsmith.org, has called the Oxford English
Dictionary a "lex icon".[34]
See also
Notes
-
^
"OED2",
Amazon.com.
-
^
"OED" (online). OUP.com,
Oxford University Press.
Retrieved 2010-08-03.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman.
New York: HarperPernnial.
ISBN 0-06-083978-3.
-
^
a
b
c
Winchester, Simon (2003). The Meaning of Everything: The
Story of the Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University
Press.
ISBN 0‐19‐860702‐4.
- ^
a
b
c
d
"History of the OED" (online). OED.com,
Oxford University Press.
Retrieved 2012-02-18.
-
^
Alastair Jamieson.
"Oxford English Dictionary 'will not be printed again'".
Retrieved 11 Aug 2012.
-
^
"Facts". About. OED.
Retrieved 2010-08-03.
-
^
John Simpson, Chief Editor
(2007-12-13).
"December 2007 revisions – Quarterly updates". Oxford
English Dictionary. OED.
Retrieved 2010-08-03.
-
^
McArthur, Thomas
‘Tom’, ed. (15 March 2011 1998),
"English Dictionary", Concise Companion to the English
Language, Reference Online, Oxford University Press, Harvard
University Library.
- ^
a
b
Murray,
KM Elizabeth (2001). Caught in the Web of Words: James Murray
and the Oxford English Dictionary. Yale University Press.
p. 178.
ISBN 978-0‐300‐08919‐6.
-
^ Comparing relative
average earnings of 12s 6d in 1884 with 2010.
Measuring Worth
-
^
"Tolkien". Contributors. OED.
Retrieved 2012-10-03.
-
^ Sarah Ogilvie,
"Words of the World: A Global History of the Oxford English
Dictionary",
ISBN 1107605695 Cambridge University Press, 2013
-
^ Leslie Kaufmann,
"Dictionary Dust-Up (Danchi Is Involved)", The New York
Times, 28 November 2012
-
^ Alison Flood
"Former OED editor covertly deleted thousand of words, book
claims", The Guardian, 27 November 2012
-
^
LEXX – A programmable structured editor, Cowlishaw, M. F.,
IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol 31, No. 1,
1987, IBM Reprint order number G322-0151
-
^
a
b
Paul Gray,
"A Scholarly Everest Gets Bigger," Time, 27 March
1989.
-
^
Fisher, Dan (25 March 1989).
"20-Volume English set costs $2,500; New Oxford Dictionary —
Improving on the ultimate". Los Angeles Times. "Here's
novelist Anthony Burgess calling it "the greatest publishing
event of the century". It is to be marked by a half-day seminar
and lunch at that bluest of blue-blood London hostelries,
Claridge's. The guest list of 250 dignitaries is a literary
"Who's Who"."
-
^
Boston, Richard (24 March 1989). "The new, 20-volume Oxford
English Dictionary: Oxford's A to Z — The origin". The
Guardian (London). "The Encyclopaedia Britannica and the
Dictionary of National Biography are indeed yet mighty, but not
quite what they used to be, whereas the OED has gone from
strength to strength and is one of the wonders of the world."
-
^
Holmgren, RJ (22
March 2008),
"v3.x under Mac OS X and Linux", OED, Serve,
retrieved 19 April 2008.
-
^
Bernie (6 May
2004),
Oxford English Dictionary News, ELearnAid,
retrieved 19 April 2008.
-
^
"Oxford English Dictionary". Amazon (version 4.0 for
MS Windows and the Apple Macintosh, 2nd ed.).
-
^
"Mac Compatibility". OED (2nd ed.). UK: OUP.
-
^
Juliet New (22 March 2000).
"'The world's greatest
dictionary' goes online". Ariadne (UK) (23).
ISSN 1361-3200.
Retrieved 18 March 2007.
-
^
"Looking Forward to an Oxford English Dictionary API".
Webometrics. UK. 2009‐8.
-
^
"English Public Libraries". Oxford Online. OUP.
-
^
"Procurement". New Zealand: Epic.
-
^
"Online". OED. New Zealand: Epic.
-
^ Stephanie Willen
Brown,
From Unregistered Words to OED3, CogSci Librarian, 23
August 2007. Retrieved 23 October 2007.
-
^
Simon Winchester (27 May 2007).
"History of the Oxford English Dictionary".
TVOntario (Podcast).
Big Ideas. Retrieved 1
December 2007.
-
^
Liz Thompson (December 2005).
"Pasadena: A Brand New System for the OED". Oxford
English Dictionary News (Oxford University Press). p. 4.
Retrieved 28 March 2011.
-
^
"Verbs ending in -ize, -ise, -yze, and -yse : Oxford
Dictionaries Online". Askoxford.com.
Retrieved 2010-08-03.
-
^
a
b
c
d
e
Harris (1982),
.
-
^
"Globe & Mail". Wordsmith. 2002-02-11.
Retrieved 2010-08-03.
References
- Creaser, Wanda (7
April 2008 1996), "Review of Willinsky, John, Empire of Words:
The Reign of the Oxford English Dictionary", Rocky Mountain
Review of Language and Literature 50 (1), pp. 108–9,
JSTOR 1348362.
- Harris, Roy (3 September 1982).
"The History Men". Times Literary Supplement (London, UK):
935–36.
-
Gleick, James (5 November 2006). "Cyber-Neologoliferation".
The New York Times Magazine.
Further reading
- Murray, KM
Elisabeth (1977), Caught in the Web of Words: JAH Murray and the
Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford and Yale University Presses;
(trade paperback) (new ed.),
Yale University Press, 2001,
ISBN 0-300-08919-8
.
- Willinsky, John
(1995), Empire of Words: The Reign of the Oxford English
Dictionary (hardcover),
Princeton University Press,
ISBN 0-691-03719-1.
-
Winchester, Simon (2003), The Meaning of Everything: The
Story of the Oxford English Dictionary (hardcover), Oxford
University Press,
ISBN 0-19-860702-4.
- ————————
(1998),
The Surgeon of Crowthorne: A Tale of Murder, Madness, and the
Love of Words, UK: Viking.
The Professor and the
Madman: A Tale of Murder, Insanity, and the Making of The Oxford
English Dictionary, US: Harper Collins, 1998.
- Ogilvie, Sarah
(2013), Words of the World: A Global History of the Oxford
English Dictionary, Cambridge University Press;
(trade paperback) (new ed.),
Cambridge University Press, 2013,
ISBN 1107605695
.
- Mugglestone,
Lynda (2005), Lost for Words: The Hidden History of the Oxford
English Dictionary (hardcover), Yale University Press,
ISBN 0-300-10699-8.
-
Gilliver, Peter; Marshall, Jeremy; Weiner, Edmund (2006), The
Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary
(hardcover), Oxford University Press,
ISBN 0-19-861069-6.
- Brewer, Charlotte
(2007), Treasure-House of the Language: the Living OED
(hardcover), Yale University Press,
ISBN 978-0-300-12429-3.
- Green,
Jonathon; Cape, Jonathan (1996), Chasing the Sun: Dictionary
Makers and the Dictionaries They Made (hardcover),
ISBN 0-224-04010-3.
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