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WIKIMAG n. 6 - Maggio 2013
Florence Nightingale
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Florence Nightingale,
OM,
RRC (pron.:
/ˈflɒrəns
ˈnaɪtɨŋɡeɪl/;
12 May 1820 – 13 August 1910) was a celebrated
English social reformer and
statistician, and the founder of modern
nursing.
She came to prominence while serving as a
nurse during the
Crimean War, where she tended to wounded soldiers. She was dubbed
"The Lady with the Lamp" after her habit of making rounds at night.
Early 21st century commentators have asserted Nightingale's
achievements in the Crimean War had been exaggerated by the media at the
time, to satisfy the public's need for a hero. But her later
achievements remain widely accepted. In 1860, Nightingale laid the
foundation of professional nursing with the establishment of her nursing
school at
St Thomas' Hospital in
London.
It was the first secular nursing school in the world, now part of
King's College London. The
Nightingale Pledge taken by new nurses was named in her honour, and
the annual
International Nurses Day is celebrated around the world on her
birthday. Her social reforms include improving healthcare for all
sections of British society; improving healthcare and advocating for
better hunger relief in India; helping to abolish laws regulating
prostitution that were overly harsh to women; and expanding the
acceptable forms of female participation in the workforce. Nightingale
was a prodigious and versatile writer. In her lifetime much of her
published work was concerned with spreading medical knowledge. Some of
her tracts were written in simple English so they could easily be
understood by those with poor literary skills. She helped popularize the
graphical presentation of statistical data. Much of her writing,
including her extensive work on religion and mysticism, has only been
published posthumously.
Nightingale was born to a wealthy upper-class family, at a time when
women of her class were expected to focus on marriage and child bearing.
Unitarian religious inspiration led her to devote her life to serving
others, both directly and as a reformer. Nightingale rejected proposals
of marriage so as to be free to pursue her calling. Her father had
progressive social views, providing his daughter with a well-rounded
education that included mathematics and supported her desire to lead an
active life. Nightingale's ability to effect reform rested on her
exceptional analytic skills, her high reputation, and her network of
influential friends. Starting in her mid thirties, she suffered from
chronic poor health, but continued working almost until her death at the
age of ninety.
Early life
Embley Park, now a school, was one of the family homes
of William Nightingale
Young Florence Nightingale
Florence Nightingale was born into a rich, upper-class,
well-connected British family at the Villa Colombaia,[1]
near the
Porta Romana at
Bellosguardo in
Florence, Italy, and was named after the city of her birth.
Florence's older sister
Frances Parthenope had similarly been named after her place of
birth, Parthenopolis, a
Greek settlement now part of the city of
Naples.
The family moved back to England in 1821, with Nightingale being brought
up in the family's homes at
Embley and
Lea Hurst.[2][3]
Her parents were
William Edward Nightingale, born William Edward Shore (1794–1874)
and Frances ("Fanny") Nightingale née Smith (1789–1880).
William's mother Mary née Evans was the niece of one Peter
Nightingale, under the terms of whose will William inherited his estate
at Lea Hurst in
Derbyshire, and assumed the name and arms of Nightingale. Fanny's
father (Florence's maternal grandfather) was the
abolitionist and
Unitarian
William Smith.[4]
Nightingale was educated mainly by her father.[3]
Nightingale underwent the first of several experiences that she
believed were calls from God in February 1837 while at
Embley Park, prompting a strong desire to devote her life to the
service of others. In her youth she was respectful of her family's
opposition to her working as a nurse, only announcing her decision to
enter the field in 1844. Despite the intense anger and distress of her
mother and sister, she rebelled against the expected role for a woman of
her status to become a wife and mother. Nightingale worked hard to
educate herself in the art and science of nursing, in spite of
opposition from her family and the restrictive social code for affluent
young English women.
As a young woman Nightingale was attractive, slender and graceful.
While her demeanor was often severe, she could be very charming and her
smile was radiant. Her most persistent suitor was the politician and
poet
Richard Monckton Milnes, 1st Baron Houghton, but after a nine-year
courtship she rejected him, convinced that marriage would interfere with
her ability to follow her calling to nursing.
In Rome in 1847, she met
Sidney Herbert, a politician who had been
Secretary at War (1845–1846). Herbert was on his honeymoon; he and
Nightingale became lifelong close friends. Herbert would be Secretary of
War again during the
Crimean War; he and his wife were instrumental in facilitating
Nightingale's nursing work in the Crimea. She became a key adviser to
him in his political career, though she was accused by some of having
hastened Herbert's death from
Bright's Disease in 1861 because of the pressure her programme of
reform placed on him.
Nightingale also much later had strong relations with
Benjamin Jowett, who may have wanted to marry her.
Nightingale continued her travels (now with Charles and Selina
Bracebridge) as far as Greece and Egypt. Her writings on Egypt in
particular are testimony to her learning, literary skill and philosophy
of life. Sailing up the Nile as far as Abu Simbel in January 1850, she
wrote
"I don't think I ever saw anything which affected me much more
than this." And, considering
the temple: "Sublime in the highest style of intellectual
beauty, intellect without effort, without suffering... not a feature
is correct – but the whole effect is more expressive of spiritual
grandeur than anything I could have imagined. It makes the
impression upon one that thousands of voices do, uniting in one
unanimous simultaneous feeling of enthusiasm or emotion, which is
said to overcome the strongest man."
At Thebes she wrote of being "called to God" while a week later near
Cairo she wrote in her diary (as distinct from her far longer letters
that her elder sister Parthenope was to print after her return): "God
called me in the morning and asked me would I do good for him alone
without reputation."[5]
Later in 1850, she visited the Lutheran religious community at
Kaiserswerth-am-Rhein in Germany, where she observed Pastor
Theodor Fliedner and the deaconesses working for the sick and the
deprived. She regarded the experience as a turning point in her life,
and issued her findings anonymously in 1851; The Institution of
Kaiserswerth on the Rhine, for the Practical Training of Deaconesses,
etc. was her first published work;[6]
she also received four months of medical training at the institute which
formed the basis for her later care.
On 22 August 1853, Nightingale took the post of superintendent at the
Institute for the Care of Sick Gentlewomen in Upper Harley Street,
London, a position she held until October 1854.[7]
Her father had given her an annual income of £500 (roughly
£40,000/US$65,000 in present terms), which allowed her to live
comfortably and to pursue her career.
Crimean War
A print of the jewel awarded to Nightingale by
Queen Victoria, for her services to the soldiers in the
war
A ward of the hospital at
Scutari where Nightingale worked, from an 1856
lithograph
"Nightingale receiving the Wounded at Scutari", a portrait
by
Jerry Barrett
Florence Nightingale's most famous contribution came during the
Crimean War, which became her central focus when reports got back to
Britain about the horrific conditions for the wounded. On 21 October
1854, she and the staff of 38 women volunteer nurses that she trained,
including her aunt Mai Smith,[8]
were sent (under the authorisation of Sidney Herbert) to the
Ottoman Empire. They were deployed about 295
nautical miles (546 km; 339 mi) across the
Black
Sea from
Balaklava in the
Crimea,
where the main British camp was based.
Nightingale arrived early in November 1854 at
Selimiye Barracks in Scutari (modern-day
Üsküdar
in
Istanbul). Her team found that poor care for wounded soldiers was
being delivered by overworked medical staff in the face of official
indifference.
Medicines were in short supply,
hygiene
was being neglected, and mass
infections were common, many of them fatal. There was no equipment
to process food for the patients.
After Nightingale sent a plea to
The
Times for a government solution to the poor condition of the
facilities, the British Government commissioned
Isambard Kingdom Brunel to design a
prefabricated hospital which could be built in England and shipped
to the Dardanelles. The result was
Renkioi Hospital, a civilian facility which under the management of
Dr.
Edmund Alexander Parkes had a death rate less than 1/10th that of
Scutari.[9]
The first edition of the Dictionary of National Biography
(1911) asserted that Nightingale reduced the death rate from 42% to 2%
either by making improvements in hygiene herself or by calling for the
Sanitary Commission. However, death rates actually began to rise to the
highest of all hospitals in the region. During her first winter at
Scutari, 4,077 soldiers died there. Ten times more soldiers died from
illnesses such as
typhus,
typhoid,
cholera
and
dysentery than from battle wounds. With overcrowding, defective
sewers and lack of ventilation, the Sanitary Commission had to be
sent out by the British government to Scutari in March 1855, almost six
months after Florence Nightingale had arrived. The commission flushed
out the sewers and improved ventilation.[10]
Death rates were sharply reduced, but she did not recognise hygiene as
the predominant cause of death at the time and never claimed credit for
helping to reduce the death rate.[11]
In 2001 and 2008 the BBC released documentaries which were critical of
Nightingale's performance in the Crimean War, as were some follow-up
articles published in The Guardian and the Sunday Times.
Nightingale scholar
L. McDonald has dismissed these criticisms as "often preposterous",
arguing they are not supported by the primary sources.[3]
Nightingale still believed that the death rates were due to poor
nutrition, lack of supplies and overworking of the soldiers. After she
returned to Britain and began collecting evidence before the Royal
Commission on the Health of the Army, she came to believe that most of
the soldiers at the hospital were killed by poor living conditions. This
experience influenced her later career, when she advocated sanitary
living conditions as of great importance. Consequently, she reduced
peacetime deaths in the army and turned attention to the sanitary design
of hospitals.
The Lady with
the Lamp
During the
Crimean war, Florence Nightingale gained the nickname "The Lady with
the Lamp" from a phrase in a report in The Times:
She is a ‘ministering angel’ without any exaggeration in these
hospitals, and as her slender form glides quietly along each
corridor, every poor fellow's face softens with gratitude at the
sight of her. When all the medical officers have retired for the
night and silence and darkness have settled down upon those miles of
prostrate sick, she may be observed alone, with a little lamp in her
hand, making her solitary rounds.[12]
The phrase was further popularised by
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's 1857 poem "Santa Filomena":[13]
Lo! in that house of misery
A lady with a lamp I see
Pass through the glimmering gloom,
And flit from room to room.
Later career
In the
Crimea on 29 November 1855, the Nightingale Fund was established for
the training of nurses during a public meeting to recognize Nightingale
for her work in the war. There was an outpouring of generous donations.
Sidney Herbert served as honorary secretary of the fund and the
Duke of Cambridge was chairman. Nightingale was considered a pioneer
in the concept of
medical tourism as well, based on her 1856 letters describing
spas in the
Ottoman Empire. She detailed the health conditions, physical
descriptions, dietary information, and other vital details of patients
whom she directed there. The treatment there was significantly less
expensive than in Switzerland.
Florence Nightingale, circa 1858
Nightingale had £45,000 at her disposal from the Nightingale Fund to
set up the Nightingale Training School at
St. Thomas' Hospital on 9 July 1860. The first trained Nightingale
nurses began work on 16 May 1865 at the Liverpool Workhouse Infirmary.
Now called the
Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery, the school is
part of
King's College London. She also campaigned and raised funds for the
Royal Buckinghamshire Hospital in
Aylesbury near her sister's home,
Claydon House.
Nightingale wrote
Notes on Nursing (1859). The book served as the cornerstone of
the curriculum at the Nightingale School and other nursing schools,
though it was written specifically for the education of those nursing at
home. Nightingale wrote "Every day sanitary knowledge, or the knowledge
of nursing, or in other words, of how to put the constitution in such a
state as that it will have no disease, or that it can recover from
disease, takes a higher place. It is recognised as the knowledge which
every one ought to have – distinct from medical knowledge, which only a
profession can have".[14]
Notes on Nursing also sold well to the general reading public
and is considered a classic introduction to nursing. Nightingale spent
the rest of her life promoting and organizing the nursing profession. In
the introduction to the 1974 edition, Joan Quixley of the Nightingale
School of Nursing wrote: "The book was the first of its kind ever to be
written. It appeared at a time when the simple rules of health were only
beginning to be known, when its topics were of vital importance not only
for the well-being and recovery of patients, when hospitals were riddled
with infection, when nurses were still mainly regarded as ignorant,
uneducated persons. The book has, inevitably, its place in the history
of nursing, for it was written by the founder of modern nursing".[15]
As Mark Bostridge has recently demonstrated, one of Nightingale's
signal achievements was the introduction of trained nurses into the
workhouse system in England and Ireland from the 1860s onwards. This
meant that sick paupers were no longer being cared for by other,
able-bodied paupers, but by properly trained nursing staff.
Though Nightingale is sometimes said to have denied the theory of
infection for her entire life, a recent biography disagrees,[16]
saying that she was simply opposed to a precursor of germ theory known
as "contagionism". This theory held that diseases could only be
transmitted by touch. Before the experiments of the mid-1860s by Pasteur
and Lister, hardly anyone took germ theory seriously; even afterwards,
many medical practitioners were unconvinced. Bostridge points out that
in the early 1880s Nightingale wrote an article for a textbook in which
she advocated strict precautions designed, she said, to kill germs.
Nightingale's work served as an inspiration for nurses in the
American Civil War. The
Union government approached her for advice in organizing field
medicine. Although her ideas met official resistance, they inspired the
volunteer body of the
United States Sanitary Commission.
In the 1870s, Nightingale mentored
Linda Richards, "America's first trained nurse", and enabled her to
return to the USA with adequate training and knowledge to establish
high-quality nursing schools. Linda Richards went on to become a great
nursing pioneer in the USA and Japan.
By 1882, several Nightingale nurses had become matrons at several
leading hospitals, including, in London (St
Mary's Hospital, Westminster Hospital, St Marylebone Workhouse
Infirmary and the
Hospital for Incurables at
Putney)
and throughout Britain (Royal
Victoria Hospital,
Netley;
Edinburgh Royal Infirmary; Cumberland Infirmary and Liverpool Royal
Infirmary), as well as at
Sydney Hospital in
New South Wales, Australia.
In 1883, Nightingale was awarded the
Royal Red Cross by Queen Victoria. In 1904, she was appointed a
Lady of Grace of the Order of St John (LGStJ). In 1907, she became
the first woman to be awarded the
Order of Merit. In the following year she was given the
Honorary Freedom of the
City of London. Her birthday is now celebrated as International
CFS Awareness Day.[citation
needed]
From 1857 onwards, Nightingale was intermittently bedridden and
suffered from depression. A recent biography cites
brucellosis and associated
spondylitis as the cause.[17]
An alternative explanation for her depression is based on her discovery
after the war that she had been mistaken about the reasons for the high
death rate.[11]
There is, however, no documentary evidence to support this theory. Most
authorities today accept that Nightingale suffered from a particularly
extreme form of brucellosis, the effects of which only began to lift in
the early 1880s. Despite her symptoms, she remained phenomenally
productive in social reform. During her bedridden years, she also did
pioneering work in the field of hospital planning, and her work
propagated quickly across Britain and the world. Nightingale output
slowed down considerably in her last decade, she now wrote very little
due to blindness and declining mental abilities, though she still
retained an interest in current affairs.[3]
Relationships
Although much of Nightingale's work improved the lot of women
everywhere, Nightingale was of the opinion that women craved
sympathy and were not as capable as men.[18]
She criticized early women's rights activists for decrying an alleged
lack of careers for women at the same time that lucrative medical
positions, under the supervision of Nightingale and others, went
perpetually unfilled.[19]
She preferred the friendship of powerful men, insisting they had done
more than women to help her attain her goals, writing, "I have never
found one woman who has altered her life by one iota for me or my
opinions."[20]
[21] She often referred to herself in the masculine, as for
example "a man of action" and "a man of business".[22]
She did, however, have several important and passionate friendships
with women. Later in life she kept up a prolonged correspondence with
Irish nun Sister Mary Clare Moore, with whom she had worked in Crimea.[23]
Her most beloved confidante was Mary Clarke, an Englishwoman she met in
1837 and kept in touch with throughout her life.[24]
In spite of these deep emotional attachments to women, some scholars
of Nightingale's life believe that she remained chaste for her entire
life; perhaps because she felt a religious calling to her career, or
because she lived in the time of Victorian sexual morality.[25]
Death
Last photo of Florence Nightingale taken in 1910, a few
weeks before her death by
Lizzie Caswall Smith.
The grave of Florence Nightingale in the churchyard of St.
Margaret's Church,
East Wellow.
On 13 August 1910, at the age of 90, she died peacefully in her sleep
in her room at 10 South Street,
Mayfair,
London.[26][27]
The offer of burial in
Westminster Abbey was declined by her relatives and she is buried in
the graveyard at St. Margaret Church in
East Wellow, Hampshire.[28][29]
She left a large body of work, including several hundred notes which
were previously unpublished.[30]
Contributions
Statistics and sanitary reform
Florence Nightingale exhibited a gift for
mathematics from an early age and excelled in the subject under the
tutorship of her father. Later, Nightingale became a pioneer in the
visual presentation of information and
statistical graphics.[31]
She used methods such as the
pie
chart, which had first been developed by
William Playfair in 1801. While taken for granted now, it was at the
time a relatively novel method of presenting data.[32]
Indeed, Nightingale is described as "a true pioneer in the graphical
representation of statistics", and is credited with developing a form of
the pie chart now known as the
polar area diagram,[33]
or occasionally the Nightingale rose diagram, equivalent to a
modern
circular histogram, in order to illustrate seasonal sources of
patient mortality in the military field hospital she managed.
Nightingale called a compilation of such diagrams a "coxcomb", but later
that term would frequently be used for the individual diagrams. She made
extensive use of coxcombs to present reports on the nature and magnitude
of the conditions of medical care in the Crimean War to
Members of Parliament and civil servants who would have been
unlikely to read or understand traditional statistical reports.
" Diagram
of the causes of mortality in the army in the East" by
Florence Nightingale.
In her later life Nightingale made a comprehensive statistical study
of
sanitation in Indian rural life and was the leading figure in the
introduction of improved medical care and public health service in
India. In 1858 and 1859 she successfully lobbied for the establishment
of a Royal Commission into the Indian situation. Two years later she
provided a report to the commission, which completed its own study in
1863. "After 10 years of sanitary reform, in 1873, Nightingale reported
that mortality among the soldiers in India had declined from 69 to 18
per 1,000".[33]
In 1859 Nightingale was elected the first female member of the
Royal Statistical Society and she later became an honorary member of
the
American Statistical Association.
Literature and the women's movement
“ |
Nightingale's achievements are all the more impressive when they
are considered against the background of social restraints on
women in Victorian England. Her father, William Edward
Nightingale, was an extremely wealthy landowner, and the family
moved in the highest circles of English society. In those days,
women of Nightingale's class did not attend universities and did
not pursue professional careers; their purpose in life was to
marry and bear children. Nightingale was fortunate. Her father
believed women should be educated, and he personally taught her
Italian, Latin, Greek, philosophy, history and - most unusual of
all for women of the time - writing and mathematics.[34] |
” |
While better known for her contributions in the nursing and
mathematical fields, Nightingale is also an important link in the study
of English
feminism. During 1850 and 1852, she was struggling with her
self-definition and the expectations of an upper-class marriage from her
family. As she sorted out her thoughts, she wrote
Suggestions for Thought to Searchers after Religious Truth. This
was an 829 page, three-volume work, which Nightingale had printed
privately in 1860, but which until recently was never published in its
entirety.[35]
An effort to correct this was made with a 2008 publication by
Wilfrid Laurier University, as volume 11[36]
of a 16 volume project, the Collected Works of Florence Nightingale.[37]
The best known of these essays, called
Cassandra, was previously published by
Ray Strachey in 1928. Strachey included it in The Cause, a
history of the women's movement. Apparently, the writing served its
original purpose of sorting out thoughts; Nightingale left soon after to
train at the Institute for deaconesses at
Kaiserswerth.
Cassandra protests the over-feminization of women into near
helplessness, such as Nightingale saw in her mother's and older sister's
lethargic lifestyle, despite their education. She rejected their life of
thoughtless comfort for the world of social service. The work also
reflects her fear of her ideas being ineffective, as were
Cassandra's. Cassandra was a princess of
Troy who
served as a
priestess in the temple of
Apollo
during the
Trojan War. The god gave her the gift of
prophecy; when she refused his advances, he cursed her so that her
prophetic warnings would go unheeded.
Elaine Showalter called Nightingale's writing "a major text of
English feminism, a link between
Wollstonecraft and
Woolf."[38]
Theology
Despite being named as a Unitarian in several older sources,
Nightingale's own rare references to conventional Unitarianism are
mildly negative. She remained in the Church of England throughout her
life, albeit with unorthodox views. Influenced from an early age by the
Wesleyan tradition, Nightingale felt that genuine religion should
manifest in active care and love for others.[39][40]
She wrote a work of theology: Suggestions for Thought, her own
theodicy, which develops her heterodox ideas. Nightingale questioned
the goodness of a God who would condemn souls to hell, and was a
believer in
universal reconciliation - the concept that even those who die
without being saved will eventually make it to Heaven.[41]
She would sometimes comfort those in her care with this view. For
example, a dying young prostitute being tended by Nightingale was
concerned she was going to hell and said to her 'Pray God, that you may
never be in the despair I am in at this time'. The nurse replied "Oh, my
girl, are you not now more merciful than the God you think you are going
to? Yet the real God is far more merciful than any human creature ever
was or can ever imagine."
[2][21][42][43]
Despite her intense personal devotion to Christ, Nightingale believed
for much of her life that the pagan and eastern religions had also
contained genuine revelation. She was a strong opponent of
discrimination both against Christians of different denominations, and
against those of non-Christian religions. Nightingale believed religion
helped provide people with the fortitude for arduous good work, and
would ensure the nurses in her care attended religious services. However
she was often critical of organised religion. She disliked the role the
19th century Church of England would sometimes play in worsening the
oppression of the poor. Nightingale argued that secular hospitals
usually provided better care than their religious counterparts. While
she held that the ideal health professional should be inspired by a
religious as well as professional motive, she said that in practice many
religiously motivated health workers were concerned chiefly in securing
their own salvation, and that this motivation was inferior to the
professional desire to deliver the best possible care.[2][21]
Legacy and memory
Nursing
Blue plaque for Nightingale in South Street,
Mayfair
The first official nurses’ training programme, the Nightingale School
for Nurses, opened in 1860. The mission of the school was to train
nurses to work in hospitals, to work with the poor and to teach. This
intended that students cared for people in their homes, an appreciation
that is still advancing in reputation and professional opportunity for
nurses today.[44]
Florence Nightingale's lasting contribution has been her role in
founding the modern nursing profession. She set an example of
compassion, commitment to patient care and diligent and thoughtful
hospital administration. In addition to the continued operation of the
Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery at
King's College London, The Nightingale Building in the School of
Nursing and Midwifery at the
University of Southampton is also named after her.
International Nurses Day is celebrated on her birthday each year.
The Florence Nightingale Declaration Campaign,[45]
established by nursing leaders throughout the world through the
Nightingale Initiative for Global Health (NIGH), aims to build a global
grassroots movement to achieve two United Nations Resolutions for
adoption by the UN General Assembly of 2008. They will declare: The
International Year of the Nurse–2010 (the centennial of Nightingale's
death); The UN Decade for a Healthy World–2011 to 2020 (the bicentennial
of Nightingale's birth). NIGH also works to rekindle awareness about the
important issues highlighted by Florence Nightingale, such as preventive
medicine and
holistic health. So far, the Florence Nightingale Declaration has
been signed by over 18,500 signatories from 86 countries.
During the
Vietnam War, Nightingale inspired many
U.S. Army nurses, sparking a renewal of interest in her life and
work. Her admirers include
Country Joe of
Country Joe and the Fish, who has assembled an extensive website in
her honour.[46]
The Agostino Gemelli Medical School[47]
in Rome, the first university-based hospital in Italy and one of its
most respected medical centres, honoured Nightingale's contribution to
the nursing profession by giving the name "Bedside Florence" to a
wireless computer system it developed to assist nursing.[48]
In 1912 the
International Committee of the Red Cross instituted the
Florence Nightingale Medal, awarded every two years to nurses or
nursing aides for outstanding service.
Hospitals
Four hospitals in Istanbul are named after Nightingale:
F. N. Hastanesi in
Şişli
(the biggest private hospital in Turkey),
Metropolitan F.N. Hastanesi in
Gayrettepe,
Avrupa F.N. Hastanesi in
Mecidiyeköy, and
Kızıltoprak F.N. Hastanesi in
Kadiköy, all belonging to the
Turkish Cardiology Foundation.[49]
An appeal is being considered for the former Derbyshire Royal
Infirmary hospital in Derby, England to be named after Nightingale. The
suggested new name will be either Nightingale Community Hospital or
Florence Nightingale Community Hospital. The area in which the hospital
lies in Derby has recently been referred to as the "Nightingale
Quarter".[50]
Museums and
monuments
Statue of Florence Nightingale in Waterloo Place, London
Florence Nightingale Statue, London Road, Derby
Florence Nightingale stained glass window, originally at the
Derbyshire Royal Infirmary Chapel and now removed to St
Peter's Church, Derby and rededicated October 9th 2010
Florence Nightingale exhibit at Malvern Museum 2010
A statue of Florence Nightingale stands in Waterloo Place,
Westminster, London, just off
The Mall.
There are three statues of Florence Nightingale in Derby — one
outside the London Road Community Hospital formerly known as the
Derbyshire Royal Infirmary, one in St. Peter's Street, and one above the
Nightingale-Macmillan Continuing Care Unit opposite the Derby Royal
Infirmary. A public house named after her stands close to the Derby
Royal Infirmary.[51]
The Nightingale-Macmillan continuing care unit is now at the Royal Derby
Hospital, formerly known as The City Hospital, Derby.
A remarkable stained glass window was commissioned for inclusion in
the Derbyshire Royal Infirmary chapel in the late 1950s. When the chapel
was later demolished the window was removed, stored and replaced in the
new replacement chapel. At the closure of the DRI the window was again
removed and stored. In October 2010, £6,000 was raised by friends of the
window and St Peters Church to reposition the window in St Peters
Church, Derby. The remarkable work features nine panels, of the original
ten, depicting scenes of hospital life, Derby townscapes and Florence
Nightingale herself. Some of the work was damaged and the tenth panel
was dismantled for the glass to be used in repair of the remaining
panels. All the figures, who are said to be modelled on prominent Derby
town figures of the early sixties, surround and praise a central pane of
the triumphant Christ. A nurse who posed for the top right panel in 1959
attended the rededication service in October 2010.[52]
The
Florence Nightingale Museum at St Thomas' Hospital in London
reopened in May 2010 in time for the centenary of Nightingale's death.
Another museum devoted to her is at her sister's family home,
Claydon House, now a property of the
National Trust.
Upon the centenary of Nightingale's death in 2010, and to commemorate
her connection with
Malvern, the
Malvern Museum held a Florence Nightingale exhibit[53]
with a school poster competition to promote some events.[54]
In Istanbul, the northernmost tower of the Selimiye Barracks building
is now a Florence Nightingale Museum.[55]
and in several of its rooms, relics and reproductions relevant to
Florence Nightingale and her nurses are on exhibition.[56]
When Nightingale moved on to the Crimea itself in May 1855, she often
travelled on horseback to make hospital inspections. She later
transferred to a mule cart and was reported to have escaped serious
injury when the cart was toppled in an accident. Following this episode,
she used a solid Russian-built carriage, with a waterproof hood and
curtains. The carriage was returned to England by Alexis Soyer after the
war and subsequently given to the Nightingale training school for
nurses. The carriage was damaged when the hospital was bombed by
Nazi Germany during the
Second World War. It was later restored and transferred to the
Army Medical Services Museum in Mytchett, Surrey, near
Aldershot.
A bronze plaque, attached to the plinth of the Crimean Memorial in
the
Haydarpaşa Cemetery, Istanbul and unveiled on
Empire Day, 1954, to celebrate the 100th anniversary of her nursing
service in that region, bears the inscription:[57]
"To Florence Nightingale, whose work near this Cemetery a century
ago relieved much human suffering and laid the foundations for the
nursing profession."
Audio
Florence Nightingale's voice was saved for posterity in a
phonograph recording from 1890 preserved in the
British Library Sound Archive. The recording is in aid of the
Light Brigade Relief Fund, and says:
"When I am no longer even a memory, just a name, I hope my voice
may perpetuate the great work of my life. God bless my dear old
comrades of Balaclava and bring them safe to shore. Florence
Nightingale."[58]
The recording is available online.[59]
Theatre
The first theatrical representation of Nightingale was
Reginald Berkeley in his "The Lady with the Lamp", premiering in
London in 1929 with
Edith Evans in the title role. It did not portray her as an entirely
sympathetic character and draws much characterisation from
Lytton Strachey's biography of her in
Eminent Victorians.[60]
It was adapted as a film of the same name in 1951.
In 2009, a stage musical play representation of Nightingale was
produced by the Association of Nursing Service Administrators of the
Philippines (ANSAP), entitled "The Voyage of the Lass". The play depicts
the story of love and vocation on the nursing communities' icon Florence
Nightingale, shown on all Fridays of February 2009 at the AFP Theatre,
Camp Crame, Philippines. The play tells the story of Nightingale's early
life and her struggles during the Crimean War. "The Voyage of the Lass"
was a two-hour play that showcased Philippine local
registered nurses from various hospitals of the country, exposing
their talents on the performing arts.
Television
Portrayals of Nightingale on television, in documentary as in
fiction, vary - the BBC's 2008
Florence Nightingale emphasised her independence and feeling of
religious calling, but in Channel 4's 2006
Mary Seacole: The Real Angel of the Crimea and Simon Schama's
A History of Britain she was portrayed as narrow-minded and opposed
to Seacole's efforts. In 1985 a TV biopic "Florence Nightingale",
starring
Jaclyn Smith as Florence, was produced.
Film
In 1912 a biographical silent film titled The Victoria Cross
starring
Julia Swayne Gordon as Nightingale was produced. In 1915 another
biographical silent film, Florence Nightingale, was produced
starring
Elisabeth Risdon. In 1936 a biographical film titled White Angel
was produced, starring
Kay Francis as Nightingale. In 1951 a second biographical film
titled
The Lady With the Lamp starred
Anna Neagle.
Banknotes
Florence Nightingale's image appeared on the reverse of Series D £10
banknotes issued by the
Bank of England from 1975 until 1994. As well as a standing
portrait, she was depicted on the notes in a field hospital in the
Crimea, holding her lamp.[61]
Photography
Nightingale had a principled objection to having photographs taken or
her portrait painted. An extremely rare photograph of her, taken at
Embley on a visit to her family home in May 1858, was discovered in 2006
and is now at the Florence Nightingale Museum in London. A black and
white photograph of Florence Nightingale taken in about 1907 by
Lizzie Caswall Smith at Nightingale's London home in South Street,
Park Lane, was auctioned on 19 November 2008 by Dreweatts auction house
in Newbury, Berkshire, England, for £5,500.[62]
Biographies
The first biography of Nightingale was published in England in 1855.
In 1911 Edward Cook was authorised by Nightingale's executors to write
the official life, published in two volumes in 1913. Lytton Strachey
based much of his chapter on Nightingale in Eminent Victorians on
Cook, and Cecil Woodham-Smith relied heavily on Cook's Life in
her 1950 biography, though she did have access to new family material
preserved at Claydon. In 2008 Mark Bostridge published a major new life
of Nightingale, almost exclusively based on unpublished material from
the Verney Collections at Claydon, and from archival documents from
about 200 archives around the world, some of which had been published by
Lynn McDonald in her projected sixteen-volume edition of the
Collected Works of Florence Nightingale (2001 to date).
Other
Several churches in the
Anglican Communion commemorate Nightingale with a feast day on their
liturgical calendars. The
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America commemorates her as a renewer
of society with
Clara Maass on 13 August.
Washington National Cathedral celebrates her accomplishments with a
double-lancet stained glass window featuring six scenes from her life,
designed by artist Joseph G. Reynolds.
Beginning in 1968, the
U.S. Air Force operated a fleet of 20
C-9A "Nightingale"
aeromedical evacuation
aircraft, based on the
McDonnell Douglas DC-9 platform.[63]
The last of these planes was retired from service in 2005.[64]
In 1982 Sentara Healthcare inaugurated its medical helicopter
service, officially named "Nightingale".[65]
A KLM
McDonnell-Douglas MD-11 (registration PH-KCD) also named after her
honour.[66]
In 2002, Nightingale was ranked in the
BBC's list of
the
100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote.[67]
See also
Works
Online books,
Resources in your library,
Resources in other libraries
- Nightingale, Florence (1979).
Cassandra. First published 1852: 1979 reprint by The
Feminist Press.
ISBN 0-912670-55-X.
Retrieved 6 July 2010
-
"Notes on Nursing: What Nursing Is, What Nursing is Not".
Philadelphia, London, Montreal: J.B. Lippincott Co. 1946 reprint
(First published London, 1859: Harrison & Sons).
Retrieved 6 July 2010
- Nightingale, Florence;
McDonald, Lynn (2001).
Florence Nightingale's Spiritual Journey: Biblical
Annotations, Sermons and Journal Notes. Collected Works
of Florence Nighingale (Editor Lynn McDonald) 2. Ontario,
Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
ISBN 0-88920-366-0.
Retrieved 6 July 2010
-
Florence Nightingale's Theology: Essays, Letters and Journal
Notes. Collected Works of Florence Nighingale (Editor
Lynn McDonald) 3. Ontario, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier
University Press. 2002.
ISBN 0-88920-371-7.
Retrieved 6 July 2010
- Nightingale, Florence;
Vallée, GéRard (2003).
Mysticism and Eastern Religions. Collected Works of
Florence Nighingale (Editor Gerard Vallee) 4. Ontario,
Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
ISBN 0-88920-413-6.
Retrieved 6 July 2010
- Nightingale, Florence;
McDonald, Lynn (2008).
Suggestions for Thought. Collected Works of Florence
Nighingale (Editor Lynn McDonald) 11. Ontario, Canada:
Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
ISBN 978-0-88920-465-2.
Retrieved 6 July 2010.
Privately printed by Nightingale in 1860.
-
Notes on Nursing for the Labouring Classes. London:
Harrison. 1861. Retrieved 6
July 2010
- The Family, a critical essay in Fraser's Magazine
(1870)
-
"Introductory Notes on Lying-In Institutions". Nature
(London: Longmans, Green & Co) 5 (106): 22. 1871.
Bibcode:1871Natur...5...22.
doi:10.1038/005022a0.
Retrieved 6 July 2010
-
Una and the Lion. Cambridge: Riverside Press. 1871.
Retrieved 6 July 2010.
Note: First few pages missing. Title page is present.
-
"Una and Her Paupers, Memorials of [[Agnes Elizabeth Jones]], by
her sister". with an introduction by Florence Nightingale
(New York: George Routledge and Sons, 1872).
Retrieved 6 July 2010
.
See also 2005 publication by Diggory Press,
ISBN 978-1-905363-22-3
- Letters from Egypt: A Journey on the Nile 1849-1850
(1987)
ISBN 1-55584-204-6
Sources
- Baly, Monica E. and H. C. G. Matthew, "Nightingale, Florence
(1820–1910)";
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,
Oxford University Press (2004); online edn, May 2005
accessed 28 October 2006
-
Bostridge, Mark (2008). Florence Nightingale: The Woman
and Her Legend. London: Viking.
ISBN 978-0-670-87411-8.
- Gill, G. The extraordinary upbringing and curious life of
Miss Florence Nightingale Random House, New York (2005)
- Kelly, Heather (1998).
Florence Nightingale's autobiographical notes: A critical
edition of BL Add. 45844 (M.A. thesis). Wilfrid Laurier
University.
-
Lytton Strachey;
Eminent Victorians, London (1918)
- McDonald, Lynn ed., Collected Works of Florence
Nightingale. Wilfrid Laurier University Press
- Pugh, Martin; The march of the women: A revisionist
analysis of the campaign for women's suffrage 1866-1914,
Oxford (2000), at 55.
- Sokoloff, Nancy Boyd.; Three Victorian women who changed
their world, Macmillan, London (1982)
- Webb, Val; The Making of a Radical Theologician,
Chalice Press (2002)
- Woodham Smith, Cecil; Florence Nightingale, Penguin
(1951), rev. 1955
References
-
^
Florence Nightingale's birthplace with photo of
commemorative plaque
-
^
a
b
c
Florence Nightingale and Gerard Vallee (Editor) (2003). "passim,
see esp Introduction". Florence Nightingale on Mysticism and
Eastern Religions.
Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
ISBN 0889204136.
-
^
a
b
c
d
Florence Nightingale and Lynn McDonald (Editor) (2010). "An
introduction to Vol 14". Florence Nightingale: The Crimean
War.
Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
ISBN 0889204691.
-
^
"Pedigree of Shore of Sheffield, Meersbrook, Norton and Tapton".
Rotherham Web. Retrieved
2012-05-17.
-
^ Edward Chaney,
"Egypt in England and America: The Cultural Memorials of
Religion, Royalty and Revolution", in: Sites of Exchange:
European Crossroads and Faultlines, eds. M. Ascari and A.
Corrado (Rodopi, Amsterdam and New York, 2006), 39-74.
-
^ Oxford Dictionary
of National Biography
-
^
History of Harley Street at Harley Street Guide
(commercial website)
-
^
Gill, Christopher J.; Gill, GC;
Gillian C. Gill (Jun 2005). "Nightingale in Scutari: Her Legacy
Reexamined". Clinical Infectious Diseases 40 (12):
1799–1805.
doi:10.1086/430380.
ISSN 1058-4838.
PMID 15909269.
-
^ "Report
on Medical Care". British National Archives (WO 33/1 ff.119,
124, 146–7). Dated 1855-02-23.
-
^
Nightingale, Florence (1999-08).
Florence Nightingale: Measuring Hospital Care Outcomes.
ISBN 0-86688-559-5.
Retrieved 2010-03-13.
-
^
a
b
Florence Nightingale, Avenging
Angel by Hugh Small (Constable 1998)
-
^ Cited in Cook, E.
T. The Life of Florence Nightingale. (1913) Vol 1, p 237.
-
^
"''The Atlantic Monthly''; November 1857; "Santa Filomena," by
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ; Volume 1, No. 1; pages 22-23".
Theatlantic.com. Retrieved
2010-03-13.
-
^
Nightingale, Florence (1974. First
published 1859). "Preface". In ... Notes on Nursing: What it
is and what it is not. Glasgow & London: Blackie & Son Ltd.
ISBN 0-216-89974-5.
-
^
Nightingale, Florence (1974. First
published 1859). "Introduction by Joan Quixley". In ... Notes
on Nursing: What it is and what it is not. Blackie & Son
Ltd.
ISBN 0-397-55007-3.
-
^ Florence
Nightingale, the Woman and her Legend, by Mark Bostridge
(Viking, 2008)
-
^ Bostridge (2008)
-
^ In
an 1861 letter, Nightingale wrote "Women have no
sympathy. [...] Women crave for being loved, not for loving.
They scream out at you for sympathy all day long, they are
incapable of giving any in return, for they cannot remember your
affairs long enough to do so. ... They cannot state a fact
accurately to another, nor can that other attend to it
accurately enough for it to become information.".
-
^ In the same
1861 letter she wrote, "It makes me mad, the Women's Rights
talk about 'the want of a field' for them -- when I would gladly
give $500 a year for a Woman secretary. And two English Lady
superintendents have told me the same thing. And we can't get
one..."
-
^
Cook, Sir Edward Tyas (1914).
The Life of Florence Nightingale: 1862-1910.
-
^
a
b
c
Florence Nightingale and Lynn McDonald (Editor) (2005).
Florence Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifery and
Prostitution.
Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 7, 48–49, 414.
ISBN 0889204667.
-
^ Stark, Myra.
"Florence Nightingale's Cassandra". The Feminist Press, 1979,
p.17.
-
^
"Institute of Our Lady of Mercy, Great Britain".
Ourladyofmercy.org.uk. 2009-12-08.
Retrieved 2010-03-13.
-
^ Cannadine, David.
"Ever Yours, Florence Nightingale: Selected Letters." The New
Republic. 203.7 (13 August 1990): 38-42.
-
^ Dossey, Barbara
Montgomery. Florence Nightingale: Mystic, Visionary, Reformer.
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999.
-
^
Plaque #6 on Open Plaques.
-
^
"Miss Nightingale Dies, Aged Ninety". The New York Times.
1910-08-15. Retrieved
2007-07-21. "Florence Nightingale, the famous nurse of
the Crimean war and the only woman who ever received the Order
of Merit, died yesterday afternoon at her London home. Although
she had been an invalid for a long time, rarely leaving her
room, where she passed the time in a half-recumbent position and
was under the constant care of a physician, her death was
somewhat unexpected. A week ago she was quite sick, but then
improved and on Friday was cheerful. During that night alarming
symptoms developed and she gradually sank until 2 o'clock
Saturday afternoon, when the end came."
-
^
http://www.countryjoe.com/nightingale/joe_grave.jpg
-
^
"Florence Nightingale: The Grave at East Wellow".
Countryjoe.com. Retrieved
2010-03-13.
-
^ Kelly, Heather
(1998).
Florence Nightingale's autobiographical notes: A critical
edition of BL Add. 45844 (England) (M.A. thesis) Wilfrid
Laurier University
-
^
Lewi, Paul J. (2006).
Speaking of Graphics.
-
^
Cohen, I. Bernard (March). "Florence Nightingale".
Scientific American 250 (3): 128–137.
doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0384-128.
PMID 6367033.
(alternative pagination depending on country of sale: 98-107.
Bibliography on p.114)
online article - see documents link at left
-
^
a
b
Cohen, I. Bernard (1984), p.107.
-
^ Cohen, I. Bernard
(1984), p.98
-
^
Nightingale, Florence (1994). In
Michael D. Calabria & Janet A. Macrae.
Suggestions for Thought: Selections and Commentaries.
ISBN 0-8122-1501-X.
Retrieved 6 July 2010
-
^
McDonald, Lynn, ed. (2008).
Florence Nightingale's Suggestions for Thought.
Collected Works of Florence Nighingale. Volume 11. Ontario,
Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
ISBN 978-0-88920-465-2.
Retrieved 6 July 2010.
Privately printed by Nightingale in 1860.
-
^
Collected Works of Florence Nightingale. Wilfrid
Laurier University Press.
Retrieved 6 July 2010
-
^ Gilbert, Sandra M.
and Susan Gubar. "Florence Nightingale." The Norton Anthology
of Literature by Women: The Traditions in English. New York:
W.W. Norton, 1996. 836-837.
-
^ Her parents took
their daughters to both Church of England and Methodist
churches.
-
^ Lynn McDonald
Florence Nightingale: extending nursing p11 Nightingale's
rare references to Unitarianism are mildly negative, and while
her religious views were heterodox, she remained in the Church
of England throughout her life. Her biblical annotations,
private journal notes and translations of the mystics give quite
a different impression of her beliefs, and these do have a
bearing on her work with nurses, and not only at Edinburgh, but
neither [Cecil Woodham-]Smith nor his followers consulted their
sources."
-
^ While this has
changed by the 21st century, universal reconciliation was
very far from being mainstream in the Church of England at the
time.
-
^ Lynn McDonald
Florence Nightingale's theology: essays, letters and journal
notes 2002 p18 "Certainly the worst man would hardly torture
his enemy, if he could, forever. Unless God has a scheme that
every man is to be saved forever, it is hard to say in what He
is not worse than man. For all good men would save others if
they could"
-
^ [influence on
Clara Barton] Russell E. Miller The larger hope: the first
century of the Universalist Church in 1979
Clara Barton - "Although not formally a Universalist by
church membership, she had come of a Universalist family, was
sympathetic to the tenets of the denomination, and has always
been claimed by it.124 Known as "the Florence Nightingale of our
war"
-
^ Neeb, Kathy.
Mental Health Nursing. 3rd. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company,
2006.
-
^
"Florence Nightingale Declaration Campaign".
Nightingaledeclaration.net.
Retrieved 2010-03-13.
-
^
"Country Joe McDonald's Tribute to Florence Nightingale".
Countryjoe.com. Retrieved
2010-03-13.
-
^
"Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore - The Rome Campus".
.unicatt.it. Retrieved
2010-03-13.
-
^
"Cacace, Filippo et. al. "The impact of innovation in medical
and nursing training: a Hospital Information System for Students
accessible through mobile devices"" (PDF).
Retrieved 2012-05-17.
-
^
"Group Florence Nightingale". Groupflorence.com.
Retrieved 2012-05-17.
-
^
"Hospital name campaign will honour
Florence". Derby Express. 18 August 2011.
-
^
"Florence Nightingale". Derby Guide.
Retrieved 2010-03-13.
-
^
"Nurses attend tribute to Florence Nightingale in Derby", BBC
News, October 11, 2010
-
^
"Malvern Museum's Nightingale Exhibit March - October 2010".
Retrieved 16 July 2010
-
^
"Chase pupil wins poster competition". Malvern Gazette
(Newsquest Media Group). 21 June 2010.
Retrieved 12 July 2010
-
^
"The Florence Nightingale Museum (Istanbul)". Telegraph.
15 September 2007. Retrieved
16 July 2010
-
^
"Florence Nightingale".
Florence-nightingale-avenging-angel.co.uk.
Retrieved 2010-03-13.
-
^
"Commonwealth War Graves Commission Haidar Pasha Cemetery"
(PDF). Retrieved 2010-03-13.
-
^
"Florence Nightingale". British Library.
Retrieved 2011-01-14.
""In aid of the Light Brigade Relief Fund" - catalogue entry".
British Library. Retrieved
2011-01-14.
-
^
"Florence Nightingale voice". archive.org.
Retrieved 2011-01-14.
-
^ Mark Bostridge,
Florence Nightingale - The Woman and Her Legend
-
^
"Withdrawn banknotes reference guide". Bank of England.
Retrieved 2008-10-17.
-
^
"Rare Nightingale photo sold off". BBC News. 19 November
2008. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
-
^
Air Mobility Command Museum: "C-9 Nightingale".
-
^
Air Force Link: "Historic C-9 heads to Andrews for retirement".
-
^
"Sentara Healthcare: Nightingale Regional Air Ambulance Service".
Sentara.com. Retrieved
2012-05-17.
-
^
"Photos: McDonnell Douglas MD-11 Aircraft Pictures".
Airliners.net. 2010-08-14.
Retrieved 2012-05-17.
-
^
"100 great Britons - A complete list". Daily Mail. 21 August
2002. Retrieved 16 August
2012.
Further reading
- Baly, Monica and E. H. C. G. Matthew. "Nightingale, Florence
(1820–1910)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2011
accessed 22 Feb 2013
- Bostridge, Mark (2008). Florence Nightingale. The Woman
and Her Legend. Viking (2008); Penguin (2009). US title
Florence Nightingale. The Making of an Icon. Farrar Straus
(2008).
- Chaney, Edward (2006). "Egypt in England and America: The
Cultural Memorials of Religion, Royalty and Revolution", in:
Sites of Exchange: European Crossroads and Faultlines, eds.
M. Ascari and A. Corrado. Rodopi, Amsterdam and New York, 39-74.
- Davey, Cyril J. (1958). Lady
with a Lamp. Lutterworth Press.
ISBN 978-0-7188-2641-3.
-
Gill, Gillian (2004). Nightingales: The Extraordinary
Upbringing and Curious Life of Miss Florence Nightingale.
Ballantine Books.
ISBN 978-0-345-45187-3
- Magnello, M. Eileen. "Victorian statistical graphics and the
iconography of Florence Nightingale's polar area graph," BSHM
Bulletin: Journal of the British Society for the History of
Mathematics (2012) 27#1 pp 13–37
- Nelson, Sioban and Anne Marie Rafferty, eds. Notes on
Nightingale: The Influence and Legacy of a Nursing Icon
(Cornell University Press; 2010) 184 pages. Essays on
Nightingale's work in the Crimea and Britain's colonies, her
links to the evolving science of statistics, and debates over
her legacy and historical reputation and persona.
- Rees, Joan. Women on the Nile: Writings of Harriet
Martineau, Florence Nightingale, and Amelia Edwards. Rubicon
Press: 1995, 2008
- Rehmeyer, Julia (2008-11-26).
"Florence Nightingale: The Passionate Statistician".
Science News.
Retrieved 2008-12-04.
-
Richards, Linda (2006). America's First Trained Nurse: My
Life as a Nurse in America, Great Britain and Japan 1872-1911.
Diggory Press.
ISBN 978-1-84685-068-4.
-
Strachey, Lytton (1918).
Eminent Victorians. Garden City, N.Y.: Garden City Pub.
Co., Inc.
ISBN 0-8486-4604-5.
- available online at
http://www.bartleby.com/189/201.html
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