The UK Independence Party (UKIP, Ukip,
pron.:
/ˈjuːkɪp/
YEW-kip)
is a
Eurosceptic[7][8]
right-wing populist[9][10][11]
political party in the
United Kingdom, founded in 1993. The party describes itself in
its constitution as a "democratic,
libertarian party"
[12] and, as of April 2013, has a membership of 26,097.[13]
UKIP currently has 11 of the 73 UK seats in the
European Parliament, three members in the
House of Lords, one seat in the
Northern Ireland Assembly[14][15]
and 147 local councillors.[16][17]
The UKIP performance in the 2013 local election was the best result
for a party outside the
big three in British politics since the
Second World War,[18]
coming fourth in the number of council seats won and third in terms
of projected nationwide votes.[19][16]
UKIP has not won a seat in the
House of Commons to date.
Nigel Farage is the leader of UKIP after being re-elected on 5
November 2010,[20]
having previously serving as leader from 2006 to 2009. Farage is a
founding member of the party (from its formation as the
Anti-Federalist League in 1991) and has been a UKIP
Member of the European Parliament (MEP) since 1999.
History
Founding
and early years
UKIP was founded in 1993 by
Alan Sked and other members of the all-party
Anti-Federalist League – a political party set up in November
1991 with the aim of fielding candidates opposed to the
Maastricht Treaty.[21]
Its primary objective was withdrawal of the United Kingdom from
the European Union. The new party attracted some members of the
Eurosceptic wing of the Conservative Party, which was split on the
European question after the
pound was forced out of the
European Exchange Rate Mechanism in 1992 and the struggle over
ratification of the Maastricht Treaty. UKIP candidates stood in the
1997 general election, but were overshadowed by
James Goldsmith's
Referendum Party.
After the election, Sked resigned from the leadership and left
the party because he felt "they are racist and have been infected by
the far-right"[22]
and "doomed to remain on the political fringes".[23]
However, Goldsmith died soon after the election and the Referendum
Party was dissolved, with a resulting influx of new UKIP supporters.
The leadership election was won by the millionaire businessman
Michael Holmes, and in the
1999 elections to the European Parliament UKIP gained three
seats and 7% of the vote. In that election,
Nigel Farage (South
East England),
Jeffrey Titford (East
of England), and Michael Holmes (South
West England) were elected.
Over the following months there was a power struggle between
Holmes, and the party's National Executive Committee (NEC). This was
partly due to Holmes making a speech perceived as calling for
greater powers for the European Parliament against the
European Commission. Ordinary party members forced the
resignation of both Holmes and the entire NEC and Jeffrey Titford
was subsequently elected leader. Holmes resigned from the party
itself in March 2000. There was a legal battle when he tried to
continue as an independent MEP until resigning from the European
Parliament in December 2002, when he was replaced by
Graham Booth, the second candidate on the UKIP list in South
West England.
UKIP put up candidates in more than 420 seats in the
2001 general election, attaining 1.5% of the vote and failing to
win any representation at Westminster. It also failed to break
through in the elections to the
Scottish Parliament or the Welsh Assembly, despite those
elections being held under
proportional representation. In 2002, Titford stood down as
party leader, but continued to sit as a UKIP MEP. He was replaced as
leader by
Roger Knapman.
Kilroy Silk and UKIP under Knapman
The
2004 European elections provided UKIP's first major electoral
victory, coming third with winning 12 MEPs elected. In the
London Assembly elections the same year, UKIP won two London
Assembly seats.
In late 2004, the mainstream UK press speculated on if or when
the UKIP MEP, former
Labour Party MP and chat-show host
Robert Kilroy-Silk would take control of the party. These
comments were heightened by Kilroy-Silk's speech at the UKIP party
conference in Bristol on 2 October 2004, in which he called for the
Conservative Party to be "killed off" following the
by-election in Hartlepool, where UKIP finished third (with
10.2%) above the Conservatives in fourth (9.7%).
Interviewed by
Channel 4 television, Kilroy-Silk did not deny having ambitions
to lead the party, but stressed that Roger Knapman would lead it
into the next general election. However, the next day, on
Breakfast with
Frost, he criticised Knapman's leadership. After further
disagreement with the leadership, Kilroy-Silk resigned the UKIP whip
in the European Parliament on 27 October 2004. Initially, he
remained a member, while seeking a bid for the party leadership.
However, this was not successful and he resigned completely from
UKIP on 20 January 2005, calling it a "joke". Two weeks later, he
founded his own party,
Veritas, taking a number of UKIP members, including both of the
London Assembly members, with him.
UKIP had hoped to sustain its momentum in the
2005 general election, but despite fielding 495 candidates, the
party failed to achieve a breakthrough as it had in the European
elections a year before. UKIP gained 618,000 votes, or 2.3% of the
total votes cast in the election, an increase of 220,000 votes from
its result in the 2001 general election. This placed it fourth in
terms of total votes cast, behind the
Liberal Democrats and ahead of the
Scottish National Party. However, the party again failed to win
any seats at Westminster. 45 UKIP candidates saved their deposits,
up from only six in 2001. Its best performance was in
Boston & Skegness, where its candidate Richard Horsnell came
third with 9.6% of the vote.[24]
Following the 2005 general election, Kilroy-Silk subsequently
resigned from Veritas after its performance in the election, having
harnessed only 40,000 votes.
2009
European elections
On 28 March 2009, the Conservative Party's biggest-ever donor,
Stuart Wheeler, donated £100,000 to UKIP after criticising
David Cameron's stance towards the
Lisbon treaty and the European Union. He said, "If they kick me
out I will understand. I will be very sorry about it, but it won't
alter my stance."[25]
The following day, 29 March, he was expelled from the Conservative
Party.[26]
On 15 May 2009, a YouGov poll conducted for
The Sun newspaper showed UKIP as having 15% of the vote for
the impending European Elections, only 5% behind the Labour Party.
2010
general election
In September 2009,
Nigel Farage announced that he would be resigning as leader of
the party in order to stand for Parliament against the
Speaker,
John Bercow — an imperfectly observed convention states that the
main parties do not normally nominate candidates against an
incumbent Speaker.[27]
Malcolm Pearson, Baron Pearson of Rannoch,
Gerard Batten,
Nikki Sinclaire,
Mike Nattrass and Alan Wood stood for election as leader of the
party, and Pearson won.
UKIP fielded 572 candidates in the
2010 general election; its main target seat was
Buckingham, Bercow's constituency. UKIP hoped for a hung
parliament in which the Liberal Democrats would drive through
proportional representation as a key demand to form a coalition
government. Lord Pearson asked some prospective candidates to stand
down in favour of Eurosceptic Conservative and Labour MPs. However,
some refused to do so. This did not stop Lord Pearson from
campaigning on behalf of the Conservative candidates stating that he
was "putting country before party". These decisions drew some
criticism from within the party from the likes of Michael Heaver of
Young Independence.
On the morning of polling day, Farage was injured when a
passenger in a light aircraft which crashed near
Brackley,
Northamptonshire.[28]
In the election the party polled 3.1% of the vote (919,471
votes),[29]
but took no seats. This made it the party with the largest
percentage of the popular vote to win no seats in the election. (In
a fully proportional system, 3.1% of 649 seats would be just over 20
seats.)[30]
In UKIP's key target of Buckingham, Farage obtained just 17% of
the vote – despite Lord Tebbit and numerous senior Conservatives
voicing support for him and a Conservative Home online survey
putting Farage on 64% and Bercow on 25%. Thus he came third behind
Bercow and the independent
John Stevens (Buckinghamshire Campaign for Democracy), who had
previously resigned from the Conservatives to found the
Pro-Euro Conservative Party.[31]
UKIP was also third in three other constituencies:
North Cornwall,
North Devon and
Torridge and West Devon. Farage's result was the best of all
constituencies that the party contested in that election. The
constituency of
Boston and Skegness also achieved a large percentage of vote,
the party's second best in terms of percentage.
Leadership election, 2010
Lord Pearson resigned as leader in August 2010,[32]
and Farage was re-elected against Professor
Tim Congdon,
David Bannerman and
Winston McKenzie with more than 60% of the vote. During his
acceptance speech, he spoke out against the Coalition government,
saying that the Conservative Party's policy on Europe can be summed
up as: "Surrender, surrender, surrender."
Lord Pearson welcomed Farage's re-election, saying, "The UKIP
crown returns to its rightful owner."[33]
Since the 2010 general election
In two
by-elections in early 2011, UKIP fared better than predicted,
with its candidate Jane Collins coming second in
Barnsley Central.[34]
Farage welcomed Collins's success and said that UKIP should now aim
to replace the Liberal Democrats as the third largest party, saying:
"The Lib Dems are no longer the voice of opposition in British
politics – we are. Between now and the next general election our aim
is to replace them as the third party in British politics."[35]
UKIP fielded 1,217 candidates for the local council elections, a
major increase over its previous campaigns, but not enough to
qualify for a party election broadcast on television. UKIP said that
the party was well-organised in the South East, South West and
Eastern regions, but there were still places across the country
where there were no UKIP candidates standing at all.[36]
Across the country, many UKIP candidates came second or third.
UKIP in
Newcastle-under-Lyme gained a total of five seats on Newcastle
Borough Council in 2007 and 2008 and three seats on
Staffordshire County Council in 2009. Although UKIP did not poll
well, it made gains across many parts of England, as well as taking
control of Ramsey town council with nine UKIP councillors out of 17.
The Chairman of Young Independence, Harry Aldridge, was enthusiastic
about the results, saying, "What we have seen in these elections is
a raft of enthusiastic first time candidates from YI, from whom we
have got some very encouraging results."[37]
Whilst UKIP made gains and losses, the party fell short of Farage's
predictions of major gains. The UKIP MEP
Marta Andreasen called for Farage's resignation as leader of the
party.[38]
In October 2012,
David McNarry, a member of the
Northern Ireland Assembly who had been elected as an
Ulster Unionist but was subsequently expelled from the party,
joined UKIP, becoming its second representative in Northern Ireland
alongside Henry Reilly, a councillor in
Newry and Mourne.[39]
On 29 November 2012, UKIP finished in second place in the
2012 Rotherham by-election, with 4,648 votes (21.7% of the votes
cast). This was the highest percentage share recorded by UKIP in any
parliamentary election (although it had polled a greater number
of votes in both the 2012
Corby by-election and in
Buckingham in the 2010 general election, where its candidate was
Nigel Farage).[40][41]
Its candidate, Jane Collins, had previously been the only UKIP
candidate to come second in any UK parliamentary election at
Barnsley Central in 2011. UKIP also came second in 2012 in the
Middlesbrough by-election and third in the
Croydon North by-election, which were held on the same day as
Rotherham.
During 2012 and early 2013, UKIP's popularity in
opinion polls increased, with many polls indicating that it had
overtaken the Liberal Democrats for third place.[42]
During the
Eastleigh by-election on 28 February 2013, the party's candidate
Diane James polled the highest percentage (27.8%) and number of
votes (11,571) ever for a UKIP parliamentary candidate. UKIP came
second, 4.26% (1,771 votes) behind the Liberal Democrats who
retained the seat. The Conservatives were pushed into third place
with a quarter of the vote and the Labour Party into fourth place
with less than 10% of the vote.
In the run-up to the
2013 local elections, UKIP continued to do well in opinion polls
and put up a record number of candidates for the party,[43]
despite a number of controversies over individual candidates in the
weeks before the elections[44][45][46]
with the BBC reporting that UKIP was investigating "six candidates
over links to the BNP and other far right groups or alleged racist
and homophobic comments, following stories in national and local
newspapers."[43]
Several candidates were suspended from the party for racist views.[47]
UKIP accused the Conservative Party's Central Office of trawling
through candidates' online presences to "smear" the party, but
acknowledged that it did not have the time or money to vet all of
its candidates.[43]
In the
2013 county council elections across England, the party achieved
its best ever
local government result, polling an average of 23% in the wards
it stood and returning 147 elected councillors.[16]
It made significant gains in
Norfolk,
Lincolnshire and
Kent taking 15, 16 and 17 seats respectively.[17]
It was described as the best result for a party outside the
big three in British politics since the
Second World War.[18][48][49]
Party leadership
List
of Leaders of the party
National Executive Committee
Ex-officio members
Committee Members[50]
Policies
Although UKIP's original
raison d'être was
withdrawal from the European Union it was felt that the public
perception of the party as a
single-issue party – despite issuing a full manifesto – was
damaging electoral progress. Farage, on becoming leader, started a
wide-ranging policy review, his stated aim being "the development of
the party into broadly standing for
traditional conservative and
libertarian values".[51]
In its 2010 general election manifesto, UKIP emphasises its belief
in
civic nationalism, which it claims "is open and inclusive to
anyone who wishes to identify with Britain, regardless of ethnic or
religious background" and contrasts it with the "blood
and soil" nationalism of extremist parties.
[52]
Europe
UKIP advocates leaving the European Union, resulting in stopping
payments to the EU and withdrawal from EU treaties, while
maintaining trading tries with other European countries.[53]
Taxation and
Economy
UKIP proposes cuts in
corporation taxes and the abolition of
inheritance taxes.[54]
A flat rate of tax and the abolition of national insurance are
advocated, which UKIP claims will simplify the tax system, although
it is currently unclear what this flat tax rate would be set at.
[53]. UKIP proposes "tens of billions" of cuts to
taxation, along with a further £77bn of cuts to the public sector in
order to reduce the deficit.
[53]
LGBT issues
In November 2012, David Coburn of UKIP's National Executive
Committee clarified the party's policies and positions with regard
to LGBT
issues: the party supports
civil partnerships but opposes legalisation of same-sex marriage
because of concerns that a law change could mean that faith groups
and places of worship would be forced to perform same-sex marriages.[55]
UKIP has an LGBT wing: Lgbtq*. The group's slogan is "Britain
Should be Out and Proud". Its logo is the party's logo in pink
mounted on to a circular badge shape form of the traditional LGBT
flag as a background.[56]
Representatives
House of Commons
Whilst UKIP has not won a seat in the House of Commons, the party
has had representation (albeit for only a relatively short time)
when
Dr Bob Spink, MP for
Castle Point, resigned from the Conservative Party and joined
UKIP on 21 April 2008. (In the UK, MPs are not required to resign as
MPs if they change their party allegiance.) However, by November
2008, Spink had left UKIP having found himself at odds with party
colleagues on various issues. UKIP has no representation in the
House of Commons currently.
House of Lords
On 24 June 1995, UKIP gained its first member of the House of
Lords in the form of
Richard Norton, 8th Baron Grantley, who had joined the party in
1993 from the Conservatives and had recently succeeded to his
father's titles. However, with the coming
House of Lords Act 1999, he decided not to stand for election as
a continuing member, and so left the House in November 1999. Lords
Pearson of Rannoch and
Willoughby de Broke both defected to UKIP on 7 January 2007,
giving the party its first representation in the House of Lords
since Lord Grantley's departure.[57]
Lord Pearson went on to serve as party leader from November 2009 to
September 2010. On 18 September 2012,
David Stevens, Baron Stevens of Ludgate joined UKIP, having sat
as an Independent Conservative since his expulsion from the
Conservatives in 2004.[58]
Northern Ireland Assembly
On 4 October 2012 UKIP gained its first representation in the
Northern Ireland Assembly following the defection of
David McNarry
MLA for
Strangford, who had been sitting as an independent, following
his suspension from the
Ulster Unionist Party.[14][15][59]
Welsh Assembly and Scottish Parliament
UKIP do not currently have any representatives in the other
devolved nations of Scotland or Wales. UKIP fielded 29 candidates at
the Scottish Parliament election on 5 May.[60]
The party also fielded candidates for the Welsh Assembly.[61]
European
Parliament
In 1999, three UKIP members were elected to the European
Parliament. Together with Eurosceptics from other countries, they
formed a grouping called
Europe of Democracies and Diversities (EDD).
In 2004, 37
MEPs from the UK,
Poland,
Denmark and
Sweden founded a new European Parliamentary group called
Independence and Democracy (ID) from the old EDD group.
However, following the
European Parliament election, 2009, where Eurosceptic parties
from Denmark, Sweden and elsewhere lost all representation, the ID
group was dissolved.
UKIP has since formed a new
right-wing grouping called
Europe of Freedom and Democracy (EFD) comprising nationalist,
Eurosceptic, conservative and other political factions. This group
is more right wing than the older Independence and Democracy
grouping.[62]
UKIP MEP
Nikki Sinclaire was expelled from UKIP after resigning from the
EFD grouping, citing her displeasure at what she perceived to be
racist and extremist parties that belong to the EFD Group. Sinclaire
also cited the deterioration of her relationship with Farage, the
co-leader of the EFD group.[63]
Sinclaire was subsequently expelled from UKIP for refusing to be
part of the EFD group.[63]
She later won a sex discrimination claim against her former
colleagues, to which UKIP did not lodge a defence, and the ruling
went against the party by default.[63]
In February 2013
Marta Andreasen defected from UKIP to the Conservative Party.
Two weeks prior to her defection Andreasen had accused Farage of
bullying and being "anti-women" and "a Stalinist".[64]
She was UKIP's sole remaining female MEP after the 2009 expulsion of
Nikki Sinclaire.[64]
Current Members of the European Parliament
UKIP has 11 Members in the European Parliament. Trevor Colman has
left the EFD grouping but still stands for UKIP[citation
needed]. Roger Helmer was elected as a
Conservative MEP but defected to UKIP in March 2012.
Local government
The first UKIP local council election win occurred when one of
their members was elected to
South Cambridgeshire District Council in 2000. A number of
Conservative, Liberal Democrat, Labour and Independent local
councillors in all four constituent nations of the UK have defected
to UKIP over subsequent years. In the
May 2012 local elections, UKIP won a total of 7 seats in England
out of 2,414 (no change on the previous year),[65]
2 seats in Wales out of 1,223 (up 1)[66]
and no seats in Scotland out of 1,220 (down 1).[67]
It failed to win any seats in the
London Assembly, coming fifth overall with 4.5% of the vote. In
November that year, it failed to win any seats in the
England and Wales Police and Crime Commissioner elections.
On 6 May 2011, the party won nine of the seventeen seats for
Ramsey Town Council in
Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire. Before the election, the party had
only one seat in the town council. On 12 May, UKIP councillor Lisa
Duffy was elected as Mayor. The UKIP group leader for
Huntingdonshire District Council said that the town council
under UKIP would "be standing up for volunteers and the third sector
and will be making grants to them to help the big society develop."
The Daily Mail has claimed that UKIP "has made political
history after taking control of its first council in the UK".[68][dated
info]
Voter base
In 2011, the British academics
Matthew Goodwin, Robert Ford and David Cutts published a study
that identified Euroscepticism as the main causal factor for voters
supporting UKIP, with concern over immigration levels and distrust
of the political establishment also featuring as important motives.
The average UKIP voter was 55 year, which is older than voters in
others parties. There was no correlation between social class and
likelihood of voting UKIP, although UKIP voters tended to feel more
financially insecure than the average voter. The skilled working
class were found to be slightly overrepresented amongst UKIP voters,
and there was a higher likelihood that a UKIP had grown up in a
conservative supporting household compared to the average voter.[69]
In the same year, a study by Richard Whitaker and Philip Lynch of
the
University of Leicester based on polling data from
YouGov
concluded that "the balance of attitudinal explanations of UKIP
support makes its voters distinct from those voting for far right
parties". The authors found that voter support for UKIP correlated
with concerns about the value of immigration, hostility to
immigrants and a lack of trust in the political system but the
biggest explanatory factor for their support of UKIP was
Euroscepticism.
[70]
A further study by the same authors suggests that UKIP voters' core
beliefs align very closely to those of the UKIP candidates;
particularly so on issues surrounding European integration, which
contrasts sharply with the Conservative party where this is a
divisive issue
[71].
In May 2013,
Stephan Shakespeare, the
CEO of
YouGov
analysed the reasons for the strong support and performance of UKIP
in the
2013 local elections. He observed that voter research showed
UKIP had "very loyal" followers, with a high proportion of
ex-Conservative voters, and that the primary reason for support was
a sense by voters that UKIP "seemed to be on the same wavelength" as
the population, was perceived as "genuine" and "simply different",
and by tapping into the "anti-politics mood" became contrasted
strongly with "the others [who] haven't got a clue about the real
world". He concluded that "you just don't get this [perception] with
other party leaders, not even from their supporters". Noting also
that 23% of voters reported giving "serious consideration" to voting
UKIP, and that non-UKIP voters were "only half as likely to mention
immigration or Europe" as existing UKIP voters, he also concluded
that these potential voters were "best won" by providing a "broad
agenda".[72]
See also
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