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WIKIMAG n. 6 - Maggio 2013
Giulio Andreotti
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Giulio Andreotti (Italian: [ˈʤuːljo
andreˈɔtti]; 14 January 1919 – 6 May 2013) was an Italian
politician of the centrist
Christian Democracy party.[2]
He served as the
41st
Prime Minister of Italy from 1972 to 1973, from 1976 to 1979 and
from 1989 to 1992.[3]
He also served as
Minister of the Interior (1954 and 1978),
Defense Minister (1959–1966 and 1974) and
Foreign Minister (1983–1989) and was a
Senator for life from 1991 until his death in 2013.[3]
He was also a journalist and author.
Andreotti was sometimes called Divo Giulio (from Latin
Divus Iulius, "Divine Julius", an
epithet
of
Julius Caesar after his posthumous deification). During the 16th
term of the
Senate in 2008–2013, he opted to join the parliamentary group
UDC – independence.
Political career
Early years
Andreotti was born in
Rome[3]
into a family from
Segni. He
studied law in Rome, during which time he was member of the
Federazione Universitaria Cattolica Italiana (FUCI, or Italian
Catholic University Federation), which was then the only Catholic
university association allowed by the
Fascist government. Its members included many of the future leaders
of the Italian
Democrazia Cristiana (or DC, the Christian Democracy party). In
July 1939, while
Aldo
Moro was president of FUCI,[4]
Andreotti became director of its magazine Azione Fucina. In 1942,
when Moro was enrolled in the Italian Army, Andreotti succeeded him as
president of FUCI, a position he held until 1944.
During his early years Andreotti suffered violent migraines that
forced him to sporadically assume psychoactive drugs and opiates.
[5]
During World War II, Andreotti wrote for the
Rivista del Lavoro, a Fascist propaganda publication, but was
also a member of the then clandestine newspaper
Il Popolo. In 1944 he became member of the National Council of
DC. After the end of the conflict, he became responsible for the youth
organization of the party.
In 1946, Andreotti was elected to the
Assemblea Costituente, the provisional parliament which had the
task of writing the new Italian constitution. His election was supported
by
Alcide De Gasperi, founder of the modern DC, whose assistant
Andreotti became. In 1948, he was elected to the newly formed
Chamber of Deputies to represent the constituency of Rome-Latina-Viterbo-Frosinone,
which remained his stronghold until the 1990s.
First government positions (1950s and 1960s)
Andreotti began his government career in 1947, when he became
undersecretary to the President of the
Council of Ministers in the fourth De Gasperi cabinet, a position he
held until January 1954, covering all subsequent cabinets led by De
Gasperi and the following one led by
Giuseppe Pella. Among his actions was the signing of the act
establishing the
Canto degli Italiani as Italy's national anthem.
In 1954, Andreotti became Minister of the Interior. Later he was
Finance Minister, and was involved in the so-called
scandalo Giuffrè (a banking fraud) of 1958, due to his lack of
vigilance as minister.[citation
needed] The Chamber of Deputies rejected all
accusations against him in December of the following year. In 1961–1962
he was officially censured by the Chamber for irregularities in the
construction of Rome's
Fiumicino Airport.[citation
needed]
In the same period, Andreotti started to form a corrente
(unofficial political association) within DC, which was then the largest
party in Italy. His corrente was supported by the Roman Catholic
right wing. It started its activity with a press campaign accusing the
Deputy National Secretary of the DC,
Piero Piccioni, of the murder of fashion model
Wilma Montesi at
Torvaianica.[6]
After eliminating De Gasperi's old followers in the DC National Council,
Andreotti helped another newly formed corrente, the
Dorotei, to oust
Amintore Fanfani, who was on the left of the party, as Prime
Minister of Italy and National Secretary of the DC.[7]
On 20 November 1958 Andreotti, then Minister of the Treasury, was
appointed President of the Organizing Committee of the
1960 Summer Olympics to be held in Rome. In the early 1960s
Andreotti was Minister of Defence. This was the period of the
SIFAR dossiers scandal[8]
and of the
Piano Solo, a coup planned by the
neo-fascist general
Giovanni De Lorenzo. Andreotti, as minister, was entrusted with the
destruction of the dossiers.[9]
It has been ascertained that the dossiers, before being destroyed, had
been copied and given to
Licio Gelli, the leader of the secret masonic lodge
Propaganda 2, which was involved in numerous scandals during the
1980s, and with which Andreotti was frequently associated.
In 1968, Andreotti was named speaker of the parliamentary group of
the DC, a position he held until 1972.
Prime Minister
In 1972, Andreotti began his first term as Prime Minister of Italy.
He held the post in two consecutive centre-right cabinets in 1972–1973.
He also held important positions in subsequent governments.
When he was Minister of Defense, he declared in an interview that the
state had provided a cover for the far-right activist
Guido Giannettini, investigated for the
Piazza Fontana bombing.[10]
Andreotti was acquitted of having helped Giannettini.
In 1974–1976, Andreotti was Minister of Foreign Affairs. During his
tenure, Italy opened and developed diplomatic and economic relationships
with Arab countries of the
Mediterranean Basin, a policy previously pursued only at
non-government level, such as by
Enrico Mattei's
ENI. He also
supported business and trade between Italy and
Soviet Union.
In 1976, the
Italian Socialist Party left the centre-left government of
Aldo
Moro. The ensuing elections saw the growth of the
Italian Communist Party (PCI) and the DC kept only a minimal
advantage as the relative majority party in Italy, which was then
suffering from an economic crisis and from terrorism. After the success
of his party, PCI secretary
Enrico Berlinguer approached DC's left-leaning leaders, Moro and
Fanfani, with a proposal to bring forward the so-called "historic
compromise", a political pact proposed by Moro which would see a
government coalition between DC and PCI for the first time. Andreotti
was called in to lead the first experiment in that direction: his new
cabinet, formed in July 1976, included only DC members but had the
indirect support of the other parties, except the post-fascist
Movimento Sociale Italiano. This support was based on the so-called
non-sfiducia ("non-challenge"), meaning that these parties would
abstain in any confidence vote. This cabinet fell in January 1978.
Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti (far left) with
G7
leaders in
Bonn, 1978.
In March 1978, the crisis was overcome by the intervention of Moro,
who proposed a new cabinet, again formed only by DC politicians, but
this time with positive confidence votes from the other parties,
including the PCI. This cabinet was also chaired by Andreotti, and was
formed on 16 March 1978, the day on which
Aldo Moro was kidnapped by the communist terrorist group the
Red Brigades. The dramatic situation which followed brought PCI to
vote for Andreotti's cabinet for the sake of what was called "national
solidarity", despite its refusal to accept several previous requests.[11]
Andreotti's role during the kidnapping of Moro is controversial. He
refused any negotiation with the terrorists, and was sharply criticized
for this by Moro's family and by a segment of public opinion. Moro,
during his imprisonment, wrote a statement expressing very harsh
judgements against Andreotti.[12]
Moro was killed by the Red Brigades in May 1978. After his death,
Andreotti continued as Prime Minister of the "National Solidarity"
government with the support of the PCI. Laws approved during his tenure
include the reform of the Italian National Health Service. However, when
the PCI asked to participate more directly in the government, Andreotti
refused, and the government was dissolved in June 1979. Due also to
conflict with
Bettino Craxi, Secretary of the
Italian Socialist Party (PSI), the other main party in Italy at the
time, Andreotti did not hold any further government position until 1983.
Andreotti with
Nixon, 1973.
1980s and 1990s
In 1983, Andreotti became Minister of Foreign Affairs in the first
cabinet of Bettino Craxi. He held this position until 1989, among other
things encouraging diplomacy between the USA and the Soviet Union and
improving Italian links with Arab countries. In this respect he followed
a line similar to that of Craxi, with whom he had an otherwise troubled
political relationship.[13]
Andreotti supported Craxi's moves during the
hijacking of the Achille Lauro ship.
On 14 April 1986, Andreotti revealed to Libyan Foreign Minister
Abdel Rahman Shalgham that the
United States would bomb Libya the next day in retaliation for the
Berlin disco terrorist attack which had been linked to Libya.[14]
As a result of the warning from Italy – a supposed ally of the US –
Libya was better prepared for the bombing. Nevertheless, on the
following day Libya fired two
Scuds at
the Italian island of
Lampedusa in retaliation. However, the missiles passed over the
island, landing in the sea, and caused no damage.
As Craxi's relationship with the then National Secretary of the DC,
Ciriaco de Mita, was even worse, Andreotti was instrumental in the
creation of the so-called "CAF triangle" (from the initials of the
surnames of Craxi, Andreotti and another DC leader,
Arnaldo Forlani) opposing De Mita's power. In 1989, when De Mita's
government fell, Andreotti was called to succeed him. He remained Prime
Minister until 1992.
This last period as Prime Minister was turbulent. Andreotti chose not
to dissolve the cabinet after ministers on the left of the DC resigned
after the approval of a law strengthening
Silvio Berlusconi's monopoly on private television. Tension with
Craxi re-emerged after the publication of letters by Moro in which
Andreotti saw a role for the leader of the PSI. The
Gladio scandal,[15]
the violent political declarations by President
Francesco Cossiga and the first revelations of the
Tangentopoli corruption scandal characterized the last years of
his premiership.
1990s and 2000s
In 1992, at the end of the legislature, Andreotti resigned as Prime
Minister. The previous year, Cossiga had appointed him
senator for life.
Andreotti was one of the most likely candidates to succeed Cossiga as
President of the Republic in 1992. He and the members of his corrente
had adopted a strategy of launching his candidature only after
effectively quenching all the others, including that of Forlani.
However, this strategy was thwarted by the assassination of judge
Giovanni Falcone in Palermo, which followed that of
Salvo Lima, a Sicilian politician strongly linked to Andreotti, two
months before. The national emergency which resulted led to the election
of
Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, a less political figure, supported also by the
left.
Andreotti was untouched during the first stages of Tangentopoli,
but in April 1993, after being mentioned in the declarations of several
pentiti (people abandoning criminal and terrorist organizations), he
was investigated for having Mafia connections. In 1994 the Democrazia
Cristiana vanished from the political sphere. Andreotti joined the
Italian People's Party founded by
Mino Martinazzoli, abandoning it in 2001 after the creation of
La Margherita.
In 2006, Andreotti stood for the presidency of the
Italian Senate, but only obtained 156 votes against the 165 of
Franco Marini.
On 21 January 2008 he abstained from a vote in the Senate concerning
Minister
Massimo D'Alema's report on foreign politics. Together with the
abstentions of another life senator,
Sergio Pininfarina, and of two communist senators, this caused the
government to lose the vote. Consequently, Prime Minister
Romano Prodi resigned. On previous occasions, Andreotti had always
supported Prodi's government with his vote.
Mafia trial
Andreotti was investigated for his role in the 1979 murder of
Mino Pecorelli, a journalist who had published allegations that
Andreotti had links with the
Mafia and with the
kidnapping of Aldo Moro. A court acquitted him in 1999 after a trial
that lasted three years, but he was convicted on appeal in November 2002
and sentenced to twenty-four years' imprisonment. The
eighty-three-year-old Andreotti was immediately released pending an
appeal. On 30 October 2003 an appeal court overturned the conviction and
acquitted Andreotti of the original murder charge. That same year, the
court of
Palermo acquitted him of ties to the Mafia, but only on grounds of
expiry of
statutory terms. The court established that Andreotti had indeed had
strong ties to the Mafia until 1980, and had used them to further his
political career to such an extent as to be considered part of the Mafia
itself.[16]
Andreotti defended himself by saying he took harsh measures against
the Mafia while in government. Andreotti's seventh government (1991–92)
did take a number of decisive steps against the Mafia, thanks to the
presence of anti-Mafia judge
Giovanni Falcone at the Ministry of Justice. "When he says that he
took extremely harsh measures against the Mafia, he isn't lying", wrote
Eugenio Scalfari, editor of the newspaper
La Repubblica. "I think at a certain point in the late Eighties
he realised that the Mafia could not be controlled. He awoke from his
perennial distraction ... and the Mafia, which realised that it could no
longer count on his protection or tolerance, assassinated his man in
Sicily."[17]
His man in Palermo was
Salvo Lima, who was murdered by the Mafia in March 1992. The murder
of Lima was a turning point in relations between the Mafia and its
political associates. The Mafia felt betrayed by Lima and Andreotti. In
their opinion they had failed to block the January 1992 confirmation by
the
Court of Cassation (court of final appeal) of the sentence in the
Maxi Trial of 1986, which had sent scores of Mafiosi to jail.[17][18]
Involvement in
other judicial affairs
Assassination of Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa
In 1982 Andreotti asked
Carabinieri General
Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa to accept the position of Prefect of
Palermo.
In a note dated 2 April 1982 to Prime Minister
Giovanni Spadolini, Dalla Chiesa wrote that the Sicilian membership
of Democrazia Cristiana linked with Andreotti were the most infiltrated
by the Mafia.[19]
According to
Mino Pecorelli's sister, Dalla Chiesa met with Pecorelli (they were
both members of the secret masonic lodge
Propaganda 2) a few days before the latter was assassinated in 1979.
Pecorelli gave Dalla Chiesa several documents containing serious
accusations against Andreotti.[20]
Just before his death in 1993, Andreotti's collaborator
Franco Evangelisti described to a journalist an alleged secret
meeting between Andreotti and Dalla Chiesa, during which Dalla Chiesa
had shown Andreotti the complete statement of Aldo Moro (published only
in 1990) containing dangerous revelations about Andreotti.[21]
Dalla Chiesa was ambushed in his car and shot dead, together with his
wife, in September 1982. The judges' reconstruction has proved that the
Mafia had been planning the assassination of Dalla Chiesa since 1979,
three years before he became Prefect of Palermo.[22]
Relationship with Michele Sindona
According to the Tribunals of
Perugia
and Palermo, "Andreotti had long-standing relationships with people who,
in several ways, were interested in the Banca Privata Italiana banker
and member of masonic lodge
P2,
Michele Sindona."[23]
Such relationships became closer in 1976, when Sindona's banks went
bankrupt:
Licio Gelli, chief of the P2 lodge, proposed a plan to save the
Banca Privata Italiana to Andreotti, then Minister of Defense.
Andreotti, however, could not get the plan approved by Minister of the
Treasury
Ugo La Malfa. Later Andreotti denied any personal involvement,
declaring that the attempt to save the bank was merely institutional.
Andreotti did not terminate his relationship with Sindona when the
latter fled to the United States.[citation
needed]
Sindona, who in 1984 had been arrested, brought to Italy and
condemned to life imprisonment for bankruptcy and for the assassination
of
Giorgio Ambrosoli, was killed by a poisoned cup of coffee in
Voghera
prison on 20 March 1986. Journalist and university professor Sergio
Turone has suggested that Andreotti had a role in providing the poisoned
sugar that caused Sindona's death, after convincing the banker that it
would cause him only to faint, hoping that this would help him to be
returned to the United States.[24]
According to Turone, Andreotti feared that Sindona would reveal
dangerous details about his past life, after his conviction had shown
that Andreotti had stopped supporting him.[24]
Political movement
Andreotti's corrente with the DC based its political support
on the eastern part of
Lazio.
His local supporters included politicians
Franco Evangelisti,
Vittorio Sbardella, nicknamed Lo Squalo ("The Shark"), and
the entrepreneur
Giuseppe Ciarrapico. All of them were involved in corruption
scandals. Andreotti was also a friend of Court of Cassation judge
Franco Vitalone, who was investigated for his role in the Moro
kidnapping and in the assassination of Pecorelli,[25]
and of bishop
Fiorenzo Angelini, responsible for health matters in the
Vatican,
who was involved in the Tangentopoli scandal.[26]
Involvement in
film
As the state undersecretary in charge of entertainment in 1949,
Andreotti found a way of slowing the advance of American films while
also curbing the excesses of Neorealism in Italy. The Andreotti law
established import limits, screen quotas, and provided loans to Italian
production firms. However, to receive a loan, a government committee had
to approve the script; films with an apolitical slant were rewarded with
larger sums, while films that were thought to slander Italy could be
denied an export license. The Andreotti law created preproduction
censorship in Italy.
Vittorio de Sica's
Umberto D, which depicted the lonely life of a retired man,
could only strike government officials as a dangerous throwback, due to
the opening scene featuring police breaking up a demonstration of old
pensioners and the ending scene featuring Umberto's aborted suicide
attempt. In a public letter to De Sica, Andreotti castigated him for his
"wretched service to his fatherland."
[27]
Death and legacy
Andreotti died in
Rome on 6
May 2013, after suffering from respiratory problems. He was 94.[28]
The BBC described him as "one of the most prominent political figures of
post-war Italy".[28]
The New York Times noted he had "a résumé of signal
accomplishments and checkered failings that reads like a history of the
republic".[29]
The
Mayor of Rome,
Gianni Alemanno, announced the death, stating that Andreotti was
""the most representative politician" Italy had known in its recent
history".[30]
Popular culture
Cover of the Italian weekly
Panorama featuring Andreotti.
- In Italy, his detractors nicknamed him Belzebù (Beelzebub)
or "The Prince of Darkness", because of his alleged Mafia links.
Other disparaging nicknames include "The Black Pope" and "The
Hunchback".[31]
- The fictional character Don Licio Lucchesi from the movie
The Godfather Part III, a high-ranking Italian politician
with close ties to the Mafia, was modeled on Andreotti. Before
Lucchesi was killed, his killer whispered in his ear "Power wears
out those who don't have it".[citation
needed]
- He appeared as himself in the 1983 film Il tassinaro,
alongside
Alberto Sordi.[citation
needed]
- The Italian satirical magazine
Cuore referred to Andreotti as Giulio "Lavazza" –
Lavazza being a leading Italian brand of coffee. This was a
reference to the alleged involvement of Andreotti in the
assassination of banker and felon Michele Sindona, killed in jail
with a poisoned
espresso.[citation
needed]
- Andreotti is the subject of
Paolo Sorrentino's
Il Divo, winner of the Jury Prize at the 2008
Cannes Film Festival.[32]
Andreotti walked out of the movie and dismissed the film, saying he
believes he will in the end be judged "on his record".[33]
- On 2 November 2008, Andreotti appeared on the entertainment
program Questa Domenica ("This Sunday"), broadcast on the
Italian television channel
Canale 5. During his appearance, he seemed to be in difficulty
and there was speculation he had suffered a stroke.[34]
Andreotti was twice asked a question and simply failed to respond,
although his eyes remained open. The director cut to an
advertisement break, following which Andreotti reappeared in
seemingly better condition. The incident was presented as a
consequence of technical difficulties.
References
-
^
"Gianpiero D'Alia: Greetings, Andreotti always set an example
for us" (in Italian). UDC official website. 14 January 2011.
Retrieved 3 March 2013.
-
^
Associated Press (6 May 2013).
"Italy state TV: Seven-time Premier Giulio Andreotti dies at 94".
The Washington Post.
Retrieved 6 May 2013.
- ^
a
b
c
"Giulio ANDREOTTI (XVII Legislatura), Dati anagrafici e
incarichi" (in
Italian).
Senate of the Republic (Italy).
Retrieved 6 May 2013.
-
^ Tiziano Torresi,
L'altra giovinezza. Gli universitari cattolici dal 1935 al
1940, Cittadella editrice, 2010, with a preface by Andreotti
himself.
(Italian)
-
^ Ruggero
Orfei,"Andreotti", Feltrinelli, 1975.
(Italian)
-
^
Messina, Dino (2 July 2009).
"Caso Montesi, la talpa di Fanfani". Corriere della Sera.
Retrieved 17 October 2010.
(Italian)
-
^ Fernando Proietti,
"Morto Franco Evangelisti il camerlengo di Andreotti",
Corriere della Sera, 12 November 1993, page 15.
(Italian)
-
^ This was a series
of dossiers about powerful Italian figures, including the Pope
himself, which had been ordered by general
Giovanni De Lorenzo when he was chief of the
SIFAR, the Italian military secret service.
-
^ SENATO DELLA
REPUBBLICA-CAMERA DEI DEPUTATI, XII LEGISLATURA, Doc. XXXIV, n.
1, RELAZIONE DEL COMITATO PARLAMENTARE PER I SERVIZI DI
INFORMAZIONE E SICUREZZA E PER IL SEGRETO DI STATO, § 4.2:
"Appare credibile quanto affermato a suo tempo dall'ingegnere
Francesco Siniscalchi e dai dottori Ermenegildo Benedetti e
Giovanni Bricchi circa una possibile donazione di fascicoli che
l'ex capo del SIFAR Giovanni Allavena avrebbe effettuato a Gelli
al momento di aderire alla loggia P2 nel 1967. Negli anni
successivi, inoltre, l'adesione alla loggia di pressoché tutti i
principali dirigenti del SID rende più che plausibile un travaso
informativo da questi ultimi a Gelli".
(Italian)
-
^ XII legislatura,
Camera dei deputati-Senato della Repubblica, Doc. XXXIV n. 3,
RELAZIONE DEL COMITATO PARLAMENTARE PER I SERVIZI DI
INFORMAZIONE E SICUREZZA E PER IL SEGRETO DI STATO SUI DOCUMENTI
TRASMESSI DALLA PROCURA DELLA REPUBBLICA DI MILANO – RILIEVI E
VALUTAZIONI: "In particolare, nel 1974, egli aveva provocato una
crisi nel SID, sia attraverso un'intervista a Massimo Caprara,
per il settimanale "Il Mondo", rivelando la identità del
neofascista Guido Giannettini, confidente del Servizio, sia
attraverso iniziative contro il generale Vito Miceli (allora
Direttore del SID), in rapporto alle vicende del cosiddetto
golpe Borghese e della "Rosa dei venti", sia offrendo, dal marzo
1974, come Ministro della difesa, un attivo sostegno al generale
Gianadelio Maletti (allora Capo dell'Ufficio D), nello scontro
interno che lo contrapponeva a Miceli".
(Italian)
-
^ Discorsi
parlamentari di Enrico Berlinguer, Italian Chamber of
Deputies, ed. M.L. Righi, 2001, p. 183.
(Italian)
-
^
Moro, Aldo (1978).
"Il Memoriale di Aldo Moro".
Retrieved 17 October 2010.
(Italian)
-
^
Andreotti, Giulio. "Foreign
policy in the Italian democracy". Political Science Quarterly
109 (Special Issue 1994): p. 529.
-
^
Reports: Italy warned Libya of 1986 US strike, Associated
Press Writer, 30 October 2008[dead
link]
-
^ On 24 October
1990, Andreotti acknowledged before the
Chamber of Deputies the existence of
Operazione Gladio, a
North
Atlantic Treaty Organization secret anti-communist
structure.
-
^
'Kiss of honour' between Andreotti and Mafia head never happened,
The Independent, 26 July 2003
- ^
a
b
All the prime minister's men, by
Alexander Stille, The Independent, 24 September 1995
-
^ Stille,
Excellent Cadavers, p. 378-80
-
^
Dalla Chiesa, Nando (1984).
"Sono quattro le domande che restano senza risposta". La
Repubblica. Retrieved 17
October 2010.
(Italian)
-
^
Bellu, Giovanni Maria (11 June 1993).
"E ANDREOTTI DISSE: FERMATE PECORELLI". La Repubblica.
Retrieved 17 October 2010.
(Italian)
-
^
Calabrò, Maria Antonietta.
"Andreotti contro Evangelisti: dice il falso". Corriere
della Sera. Retrieved 19
October 2010.
(Italian)
-
^
"Sagome, ombre, una immagine sfocata.". La Stampa.
Retrieved 19 October 2010.
(Italian)
-
^
Travaglio, Marco; Peter Gomex.
"Giulio Andreotti e le "pene" per l’amico Michele Sindona".
La repubblica delle banane.
Retrieved 17 October 2010.
(Italian)
- ^
a
b
Turone,
Sergio.
"Michele Sindona e Giulio Andreotti". I Siciliani del
1986. Retrieved 17
October 2010.
(Italian)
-
^ Giorgio Galli, in
Il prezzo della democrazia. La carriera politica di Giulio
Andreotti (Kaos, 2002), riassume parlando esplicitamente di
"intrighi nella procura romana attraverso il magistrato
andreottiano Claudio Vitalone"
(Italian)
-
^
"Sua Sanità Fiorenzo Angelini".
Retrieved 17 October 2010.
(Italian)
-
^ Bordwell, David.
Thompson, Kristin. 2010. Film History: An Introduction.
3rd ed. NY: McGraw Hill. p #333.
- ^
a
b
"Giulio Andreotti: Ex-Italian prime minister dies". BBC
News. 6 May 2013. Retrieved 6
May 2013.
-
^
Tagliabue, John (6 May 2013).
"Giulio Andreotti, Premier of Italy 7 Times, Dies at 94".
The New York Times.
Retrieved 6 May 2013.
-
^
"Giulio Andreotti, former Italian prime minister, dies aged 94".
The Guardian. 6 May 2013.
Retrieved 6 May 2013.
-
^
Beelzebub spoils Prodi's day, The Times, 29 April 2006
-
^
Il Divo: the Spectacular Life of Giulio Andreotti,
The Times, 19 March 2009
-
^
Andreotti: why I walked out of my own biopic, The Times, 17
March 2009
-
^
Youtube Video
(Italian).
Further reading
- Giuseppe Leone, "Federico II Re di Prussia e Giulio Andreotti –
Due modi diversi di concepire la politica", su "Ricorditi di me...",
in "Lecco 2000", gennaio 1996.
(Italian)
External links
-
"Les procès Andreotti en Italie" ("The Andreotti trials
in Italy") by Philippe Foro, published by University of
Toulouse II, Groupe de recherche sur l'histoire immédiate
(Study group on contemporary history)
(French)
-
Il Divo a Paolo Sorrentino Film
Political
offices |
Preceded by
Amintore Fanfani |
Italian Minister of the Interior
1954 |
Succeeded by
Mario Scelba |
Preceded by
Roberto Tremelloni |
Italian Minister of Finance
1955–1958 |
Succeeded by
Luigi Preti |
Preceded by
Giuseppe Medici |
Italian Minister of the Treasury
1958–1959 |
Succeeded by
Fernando Tambroni |
Preceded by
Antonio Segni |
Italian Minister of Defense
1959–1966 |
Succeeded by
Roberto Tremelloni |
Preceded by
Edgardo Lami Starnuti |
Italian Minister of Industry
1966–1968 |
Succeeded by
Mario Tanassi |
Preceded by
Emilio Colombo |
Prime Minister of Italy
1972–1973 |
Succeeded by
Mariano Rumor |
Preceded by
Mario Tanassi |
Italian Minister of Defense
1974 |
Succeeded by
Arnaldo Forlani |
Preceded by
Antonio Giolitti |
Italian Minister of Budget
1974–1976 |
Succeeded by
Tommaso Morlino |
Preceded by
Aldo Moro |
Prime Minister of Italy
1976–1979 |
Succeeded by
Francesco Cossiga |
Preceded by
Emilio Colombo |
Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs
1983–1989 |
Succeeded by
Gianni De Michelis |
Preceded by
Ciriaco de Mita |
Prime Minister of Italy
1989–1992 |
Succeeded by
Giuliano Amato |
Preceded by
Franco Piga |
Italian Minister of Public Factories
1990–1992 |
Succeeded by
Giuseppe Guarino |
Preceded by
Ferdinando Facchiano |
Italian Minister of Culture
1991–1992 |
Succeeded by
Alberto Ronchey |
Italian Chamber of Deputies |
New parliament
Parliament re-established
|
Member of Parliament for
Rome
Legislatures: CA, I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X
1946–1991 |
Succeeded by
Title jointly held |
Italian Senate |
Preceded by
Title jointly held |
Italian
Lifetime Senator
Legislatures: X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI, XVII
1991 – 2013 |
Succeeded by
Title jointly held |
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1)
scrivi
le parole inglesi dentro la
striscia gialla 2)
seleziona il testo 3)
clicca "Ascolta il testo"
DA INGLESE A ITALIANO
Inserire
nella casella Traduci la parola
INGLESE e cliccare
Go.
DA ITALIANO A INGLESE
Impostare INGLESE anziché italiano e
ripetere la procedura descritta.
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