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WIKIMAG n. 7 - Giugno 2013
Bouncer
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Bouncer (doorman or door supervisor)
A bouncer standing at the door of a
strip club in
San Francisco, California |
Occupation |
Names |
Security guard, doorman |
Activity sectors |
Security,
entertainment |
Description |
Competencies |
Communication skills, judgment, level-headedness |
Education required |
Some jurisdictions require completion of
training |
A bouncer (also known as a doorman, door supervisor
or cooler) is an informal term for a type of
security guard, employed at venues such as
bars,
nightclubs or
concerts
to provide security, check
legal age, to refuse entry for
intoxication, aggressive behavior or non-compliance with
statutory or establishment rules. Bouncers are often required where
crowd size, clientele or
alcohol consumption may make arguments or fights a possibility, or
where the threat or presence of criminal gang activity is high.
In the
United States,
civil liability and
court costs related to the use of force by bouncers are "the highest
preventable loss found within the [bar] industry", as many United States
bouncers are often taken to court and other countries have similar
problems of excessive force. In many countries, federal or state
governments have taken steps to professionalise the industry by
requiring bouncers to have training, licensing, and a
criminal records background check.
History
In the 1990s and 2000s, increased awareness of the risks of lawsuits
and criminal charges (particularly in the United States and
industrialised world) have led many bars and venues to train their
bouncers to use communication and conflict resolution skills rather than
brute force against troublemakers. However, the earlier history of the
occupation suggests that the stereotype of bouncers as rough, tough,
physical enforcers has indeed been the case in many countries and
cultures throughout history. Historical references also suggest that the
'doorman' function of guarding a place and selecting who can have entry
to it (the stereotypical task of the modern bouncer) could at times be
an honorific and evolve into a relatively important position.
Ancient times
The significance of the doorman as the person allowing (or barring)
entry is found in a number of Mesopotamian myths (and later in Greek
myths descended from them), including that of
Nergal
overcoming the seven doormen guarding the gates to the Underworld.[1][2]
In 1 Chronicles 26 of the
Old Testament, the Levitical Temple is described as having a number
of 'gatekeepers' - amongst their duties are "protect[ing] the temple
from theft", from "illegal entry into sacred areas" and "maintain[ing]
order", all functions they share with the modern concept of the bouncer,
though the described temple servants also serve as holy persons and
administrators themselves[3]
(it is noted that some administrative function is still present in
today's bouncing in the higher position of the supervisor).
The Romans had a position known as the 'Ostiarius'
(doorkeeper), initially a slave, who guarded the door, and sometimes
ejected unwanted people from the house whose gate he guarded. The term
later become a low-ranking
clergy
title.[4]
Plautus, in his play
Bacchides (written approximately 194-184 BC), mentions a "large
and powerful" doorman / bouncer as a threat to get an unwelcome visitor
to leave.[5]
Tertullian, an early Christian author living mainly in the 1st
century AD, while reporting on the casual oppression of Christians in
Carthage, noted that bouncers were counted as part of a semi-legal
underworld, amongst other 'shady' characters such as gamblers and
pimps.[6]
Modern times
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, US saloon-keepers and
brothel madams hired bouncers to remove troublesome, violent, or
dead-drunk patrons, and protect the saloon girls and prostitutes. The
word "bouncer" was first popularized in a novel by Horatio Alger, Jr.,
called The Young Outlaw, which was first published in 1875. Alger
was an immensely popular author in the 19th century, especially with
young people and his books were widely quoted. In Chapter XIV, entitled
"Bounced", a boy is thrown out of a restaurant because he has no money
to pay for his dinner:
“ |
"Here,
Peter, you waited on this young man, didn't you?" "Yes, sir."
"He hasn't paid for his breakfast, and pretends he hasn't got
any money. Bounce him!" If Sam was ignorant of the
meaning of the word 'bounce,' he was soon enlightened. The
waiter seized him by the collar, before he knew what was going
to happen, pushed him to the door, and then, lifting his foot by
a well-directed kick, landed him across the sidewalk into the
street. This proceeding was followed by derisive laughter from
the other waiters who had gathered near the door, and it was
echoed by two street urchins outside, who witnessed Sam's
ignominious exit from the restaurant. Sam staggered from the
force of the bouncing, and felt disgraced and humiliated to
think that the waiter who had been so respectful and attentive
should have inflicted upon him such an indignity, which he had
no power to resent. |
” |
An 1883 newspaper article stated that "'The Bouncer' is merely the
English 'chucker out'. When liberty verges on license and gaiety on
wanton delirium, the Bouncer selects the gayest of the gay, and -
bounces him!"[7]
- 19th century
An Arizona saloon in 1885, from the era when bouncers earned
their rough and tumble reputation by forcibly ejecting
brawlers
In US Western towns in the 1870s, high-class brothels known as "good
houses" or “parlour houses” hired bouncers for security and to prevent
patrons from evading payment. “Good house”-style brothels “...considered
themselves the cream of the crop, and [the prostitutes working there]
scorned those who worked in (or out of) saloons, dance halls, and
theatres.” The best bordellos looked like respectable mansions, with
attractively decorated parlours, a game room and a dance hall. For
security, “somewhere in every parlor house there was always a bouncer, a
giant of a man who stayed sober to handle any customer who got too rough
with one of the girls or didn't want to pay his bill.” The “protective
presence” of bouncers in high-class brothels was “...one of the reasons
the girls considered themselves superior to [lower-class] free-lancers,
who lacked any such shepherds.”[8]
In Wisconsin's lumberjack days, bouncers would physically remove
drinkers who were too drunk to keep buying drinks, and thus free up
space in the bar for new patrons. The slang term 'snake-room' was used
to describe a "...room off a saloon, usually two or three steps down,
into which a bar-keeper or the bouncer could slide drunk lumber-jacks
head first through swinging doors from the bar-room."[9]
In the late 19th century, until Prohibition, bouncers also had the
unusual role of protecting the saloon's buffet. To attract business,
"...many saloons lured customers with offers of a "free lunch"—usually
well salted to inspire drinking, and the saloon "bouncer" was generally
on hand to discourage [those with too] hearty appetites".[10]
In the late 19th century, bouncers at small town dances and bars
physically resolved disputes and removed troublemakers, without worrying
about lawsuits. In the main bar in one Iowa town, "...there were many
quarrels, many fights, but all were settled on the spot. There were no
court costs [for the bouncers or the bar]; only some aches and pains
[for the troublemakers]."[11]
In the 1880s and 1890s, bouncers were used to maintain order in the
"The Gut", the roughest part of New York's
Coney Island, which was filled with "ramshackle groups of wooden
shanties", bars, cabarets, fleabag hotels and brothels. Huge bouncers
patrolled these venues of vice and "roughly ejected anyone who violated
the loose rules of decorum" by engaging in pick-pocketing, jewellry
thieving, or bloody fights.[12]
During the 1890s, San Diego had a similarly rough waterfront area and
redlight district called the 'Stingaree', where bouncers worked the
door at brothels. Prostitutes worked at the area's 120 bawdy houses in
small rooms, paying a fee to the procurer who usually was the bouncer or
'protector' of the brothel. The more expensive, higher-class brothels
were called “parlour houses”, and they were "run most decorously", and
the "best of food and drink was served." To maintain the high-class
atmosphere at these establishments, male patrons were expected to act
like gentlemen; "...if any customer did or said anything out of line, he
was asked to leave. A bouncer made sure he did".[13]
- 20th century
Bouncers in pre-World
War I United States were also sometimes used as the guardians of
morality. As ballroom dancing was often considered as an activity which
could lead to immoral conduct if the dancers got too close, some of the
more reputable venues had bouncers to remind patrons not to dance closer
than nine inches to their partners. The bouncers' warnings tended to
consist of light taps on the shoulder at first, and then progressed to
sterner remonstrations.[14]
In the 1930s, bars in the bawdiest parts of
Baltimore, Maryland docks hired bouncers to maintain order and eject
aggressive patrons. The Oasis club, operated by Max Cohen, hired "...a
lady bouncer by the name of Mickey Steele, a six-foot acrobat from the
Pennsylvania coal fields. Mickey was always considerate of the people
she bounced; first asking them where they lived and then throwing them
in that general direction. She was succeeded by a character known as
'Machine-Gun Butch' who was a long-time bouncer at the club".[15]
In the
Weimar Republic in the Germany of the 1920s and early 1930s, doormen
protected venues from the fights caused by Nazis and other potentially
violent groups (such as Communists). Such scenes were fictionalised in
the movie
Cabaret. Hitler surrounded himself with a number of former
bouncers such as
Christian Weber;[16]
the
SS originated as a group designated to protect party meetings.[17]
In early
Nazi Germany, some bouncers in underground
jazz
clubs were also hired to screen for Nazi spies, because jazz was
considered a "degenerate" form of music by the Nazi party.[18]
Later during the Nazi regime, bouncers also increasingly barred
non-German people (such as foreign workers) from public functions, such
as 'German' dances at dance halls.[19]
The doorman from the Ohio-Bar in Berlin in 1948
Bouncers also often come into conflict with
football hooligans, due to the tendency of groups of hooligans to
congregate at pubs and bars before and after games. In the
United Kingdom for example, long-running series of feuds between fan
groups like
The Blades and groups of bouncers in the 1990s were described by
researchers.[20]
Bouncers have also been known to be associated with criminal gangs,
especially in places like Russia, Hong Kong or Japan, where bouncers may
often belong to these groups or have to pay the crime syndicates to be
able to operate.[21]
In Hong Kong,
triad-connected reprisal or intimidation attacks against bouncers
have been known to occur.[22]
Hong Kong also features a somewhat unusual situation where some
bouncers are known to work for prostitutes, instead of being their
pimps. Hong
Kong police have noted that due to the letter of the law, they sometimes
had to charge the bouncer for illegally extorting the women when the
usually expected dominance situation between the sex worker and her
'protector' was in fact reversed.[23]
In the 1990s and 2000s, a number of bouncers have written "tell-all"
books about their experiences on the door. They indicate that male
bouncers are respected by some club-goers as the ultimate 'hard men',
while at the same time, these bouncers can also be
lightning rods for aggression and macho posturing on the part of
obnoxious male customers wanting to prove themselves.[24]
Bouncing has also started to attract some academic interest as part of
ethnographic studies into violent
subcultures. Bouncers were selected as one of the groups studied by
several English researchers in the 1990s because their culture was seen
as 'grounded in violence', as well as because the group had increasingly
been 'demonised', especially in common
liberal discourse (see
Research section of this article).[25]
Research and
sociology
Outside studies
In the early 1990s, an Australian government study on violence stated
that violent incidents in public drinking locations are caused by the
interaction of five factors: aggressive and unreasonable bouncers,
groups of male strangers, low comfort (e.g., unventilated, hot clubs),
high boredom, and high drunkenness. The research indicated that bouncers
did not play as large a role "... as expected in the creation of an
aggressive or violence prone atmosphere [in bars]." However, the study
did show that "...edgy and aggressive bouncers, especially when they are
arbitrary or petty in their manner, do have an adverse effect." The
study stated that bouncers:
"...have been observed to initiate fights or further encourage
them on several occasions. Many seem poorly trained, obsessed with
their own machismo, and relate badly to groups of male strangers.
Some of them appear to regard their employment as giving them a
licence to assault people. This may be encouraged by management
adherence to a repressive model of supervision of patrons ("if they
play up, thump 'em"), which in fact does not reduce trouble, and
exacerbates an already hostile and aggressive situation. In practice
many bouncers are not well managed in their work, and appear to be
given a job autonomy and discretion that they cannot handle well."[26]
A 1998 article "Responses by Security Staff to Aggressive Incidents
in Public Settings" in the Journal of Drug Issues examined 182
violent incidents involving crowd controllers (bouncers) that occurred
in bars in
Toronto,
Canada. The study indicated that in 12% of the incidents the bouncers
had good responses, in 20% of the incidents, the bouncers had a neutral
response; and in 36% of the incidents, the bouncers "... responses were
rated as bad—that is, the crowd controllers enhanced the likelihood of
violence but were themselves not violent." Finally, "... in almost
one-third of incidents, 31 per cent, the crowd controllers' responses
were rated as ugly. The controllers' actions involved gratuitous
aggression, harassment of patrons and provocative behaviour."[27]
Inside studies
At least one major
ethnographic study also observed bouncing from within, as part of a
British project to study violent subcultures. Beyond studying the
bouncer culture from the outside, the group selected a suitable
candidate for covert, long-term research. The man had previously worked
as a bouncer before becoming an academic, and while conversant with the
milieu, it required some time for him to re-enter bouncing work in a new
locality.[28]
The study has, however, attracted some criticism due to the fact that
the researcher, while fulfilling his duties as a bouncer and being
required to set aside his academic distance, would have been at risk of
losing objectivity - though it was accepted that this quandary might be
difficult to resolve.[29]
One of the main ethical issues of the research was the participation
of the researcher in violence, and to what degree he would be allowed to
participate. The group could not fully resolve this issue, as the
undercover researcher would not have been able to gain the trust of his
peers while shying away from the use of force. As part of the study it
eventually became clear that bouncers themselves were similarly and
constantly weighing up the limits and uses of their participation in
violence. The research however found that instead of being a part of the
occupation, violence itself was the defining characteristic, a "culture
created around violence and violent expectation".[25]
The bouncing culture's insular attitudes also extended to the
recruitment process, which was mainly by
word of mouth as opposed to typical job recruitment, and also
depended heavily on previous familiarity with violence. This does not
extend to the prospective bouncer himself having to have a reputation
for violence - rather a perception was needed that he could deal with it
if required. Various other elements, such as body language or physical
looks (muscles, shaved heads) were also described as often expected for
entry into bouncing - being part of the symbolic 'narratives of
intimidation' that set bouncers apart in their work environment.[25]
Training on the job was described as very limited, with the new
bouncers being 'thrown into the deep end' - the fact that they had been
accepted for the job in the first place including the assessment that
they should know what they are doing (though informal observation of a
beginner's behaviour was commonplace). In the case of the British
research project, the legally required licensing as a bouncer was also
found to be expected by employers before applicants started the job (and
as licensing generally excluded people with criminal convictions, this
kept out some of the more unstable violent personalities).[25]
Personality
and behaviour
Character
A bouncer at the door of a
Norwegian club checking customer identification for
proof of age.
Although a common
stereotype of bouncers is that of the thuggish brute, a good club
security staff member requires more than just physical qualities such as
strength and size: "The best bouncers don’t "bounce" anyone... they talk
to people" (and remind them of the venue rules).[30][31]
An ability to judge and communicate well with people will reduce the
need for physical intervention, while a steady personality will prevent
the bouncer from being easily provoked by customers. Bouncers also
profit from good written communication skills, because they are often
required to document assaults in an incident log or using an incident
form. Well-kept incident logs can protect the employee from any
potential
criminal charges or
lawsuits that later arise from an incident.[32]
However, British research from the 1990s also indicates that a major
part of both the group identity and the job satisfaction of bouncers is
related to their
self image as a strongly masculine person who is capable of dealing
with – and dealing out – violence; their employment income plays a
lesser role in their job satisfaction. Bouncer subculture is strongly
influenced by perceptions of honour and shame, a typical characteristic
of groups that are constantly in the public eye.[33]
Factors in enjoying work as a bouncer were also found in the general
prestige and respect that was accorded to bouncers, sometimes bordering
on
hero worship. The camaraderie between bouncers (even of different
clubs), as well as the ability to work "in the moment" and outside of
the drudgery of typical jobs were also often cited.[34]
The same research has also indicated that the decisions made by
bouncers, while seeming haphazard to an outsider, often have a basis in
rational logic. The decision to turn certain customers away at the door
because of too casual clothing is for example often based on the
perception that the person will be more willing to fight (compared to
someone dressed in expensive attire). Many similar decisions taken by a
bouncer during the course of a night are also being described as based
on experience rather than just personality.[35]
Use of force
See notable bouncer Terry McPhillips quote
Excessive force
Movies often depict bouncers physically throwing patrons out of clubs
and restraining drunk customers with headlocks, which has led to a
popular misconception that bouncers have (or reserve) the right to use
physical force freely. However, in many countries bouncers have no legal
authority to use physical force more freely than any other
civilian—meaning they are restricted to reasonable levels of force used
in
self defense, to eject drunk or aggressive patrons refusing to leave
a venue, or when restraining a patron who has committed an offence until
police arrive.[32][36]
Lawsuits are possible if injuries occur, even if the patron was drunk or
using aggressive language.[32]
With
civil liability and
court costs related to the use of force as "the highest
preventable loss found within the industry..." (US)[32]
and bars being "sued more often for using unnecessary or excessive force
than for any other reason" (Canada),[37]
substantial costs may be incurred by indiscriminate violence against
patrons—though this depends heavily on the laws and customs of the
country. In Australia, the number of complaints and lawsuits against
venues due to the behaviour of their bouncers has been credited with
turning many establishments to using former police officers to head
their in-house security, instead of hiring private firms.[38]
According to statistical research in Canada, bouncers are as likely
to face physical violence in their work as urban-area police officers.
The research also found that the likelihood of such encounters increased
(with
statistical significance) with the number of years the bouncer had
worked in his occupation.[39]
Despite popular misconceptions, bouncers in Western countries are
normally unarmed.[40][41]
Some bouncers may carry weapons such as
expandable batons for personal protection,[42]
but they may not have a legal right to carry a weapon even if they would
prefer to do so.
Alternatives
Use of force training programs teach bouncers ways to avoid using
force and explain what types of force are considered allowable by the
courts.[32]
Some bars have gone so far as to institute policies barring physical
contact, where bouncers are instructed to ask a drunk or disorderly
patron to leave - if the patron refuses, the bouncers call police.
However, if the police are called too frequently, it can reflect badly
on the venue upon renewal of its
liquor licence.[43]
Another strategy used in some bars is to hire smaller, less
threatening or female bouncers, because they may be better able to
defuse conflicts than large, intimidating bouncers. The more
'impressive' bouncers, in the often tense environments they are supposed
to supervise, are also often challenged by aggressive males wanting to
prove their
machismo.[24]
Large and intimidating bouncers, whilst providing an appearance of
strong security, may also drive customers away in cases where a more
relaxed environment is desired.[31]
In addition, female security staff, apart from having fewer problems
searching female patrons for drugs or weapons and entering women's wash
rooms to check for illegal activities, are also considered as better
able to deal with drunk or aggressive women.[44]
In Australia, for example, women comprise almost 20% of the security
industry and increasingly work the door as well, using "a smile, chat
and a friendly but firm demeanor" to resolve tense situations.[45]
Nearly one in nine of Britain's nightclub bouncers are also women, with
the UK's 2003 Licensing Act giving the authorities "discretionary power
to withhold a venue's licence if it does not employ female door staff."
This is credited with having "opened the door for women to enter the
profession.".[44]
However, female bouncers are still a rarity in many countries, such as
in India, where two women who became media celebrities in 2008 for being
"Punjab's
first female bouncers" were soon sacked again after accusations of
unbecoming behaviour.[46][47]
Regulation
and training
In many countries, a bouncer must be licensed and
lacking a criminal record to gain employment within the
security/crowd control sector. In some countries or regions, bouncers
may be required to have extra skills or special licenses and
certification for
first
aid, alcohol distribution, crowd control, or fire safety.
Canada
In Canada, bouncers have the right to use reasonable force to expel
intoxicated or aggressive patrons. First, the patron must be asked to
leave the premises. If the patron refuses to leave, the bouncer can use
reasonable force to expel the patron. This has been upheld in a number
of court cases.[36]
Under the definition of 'reasonable force', "it is perfectly acceptable
[for the bouncer] to grab a patron’s arm to remove the patron from the
premises." However, "Only in situations where employees reasonably
believe that the conduct of the patron puts them in danger can they
inflict harm on a patron and then only to the extent that such force is
necessary for self defence."[36]
In
British Columbia, door staff security (bouncers) are required to
become certified under the Ministry of Public Safety and Solicitor
General Office. The course called BST (Basic Security Training) is a 40
hour program that covers law, customer service, and other issue related
to security operation.
In
Alberta, bar and nightclub security staff will have to take a new,
government-run training course on correct bouncer behaviour and skills
before the end of 2008. The six-hour 'ProTect' course will, among other
subjects, teach staff to identify conflicts before they become violent,
and how to defuse situations without resorting to force.[48]
In
Ontario, courts have ruled that "a tavern owes a twofold duty of
care to its patrons. It must ensure that it does not serve alcohol which
would apparently intoxicate or increase the patron's
intoxication. As well, it must take positive steps to protect
patrons and others from the dangers of intoxication." Regarding the
second requirement of protecting patrons, the law holds that "customers
cannot be ejected from your premises if doing so would put them in
danger [e.g., due to the patron's intoxication]. Bars can be held liable
for ejecting a customer who they know, or should know, is at risk of
injury by being ejected."[37]
In Ontario, bartenders and servers have to have completed the Smart
Serve Training Program, which teaches them to recognise the signs of
intoxication. The Smart Serve program is also recommended for other
staff in bars who have contact with potentially intoxicated patrons,
such as bouncers, coat check staff, and valets. The Smart Serve
certification program encourages bars to keep Incident Reporting Logs,
to use as evidence if an incident gets to court.[37]
With the August 2007 Private Security and Investigative Services Act,
Ontario law also requires security industry workers, including bouncers
to be licensed.[49]
New Zealand
In New Zealand, as of 2011, Bouncers are required to have a COA
(Certificate of approval). Like other security work, the person who has
the COA has been vetted by the Police and cleared through security
checks, as well as the Courts to show the person is suitable for the
job, and knows New Zealand law to prevent Security Officers going to
Court for using excessive force and assault on Patrons.[50]
Singapore
Singapore requires all bouncers to undergo a background check and
attend a 5-day 'National Skills Recognition System' course for security
staff. However, many of the more professional security companies (and
larger venues with their own dedicated security staff) have noted that
the course is insufficient for the specific requirements of a bouncer
and provide their own additional training.[51][52]SIA
United Kingdom
In the UK, "door supervisors" - as they are termed - must hold a
licence from the
Security Industry Authority. The training for a door supervisor
licence takes 30 hours, and includes issues such as behaviour, conflict
management, civil and criminal law, search and arrest procedures, drug
awareness, recording of incidents and crime scene preservation,
licensing law, equal opportunities and discrimination, health and safety
at work, physical intervention, and emergency procedures.[53]
Licenses must be renewed every three years. One current provider of
training is the
British Institute of Innkeeping Awarding Body.
Licensed door supervisors must wear a blue plastic licence (often
worn on the upper arm) whilst on duty.
The
2010 UK quango reforms includes the SIA amongst many other
Quangos
the
coalition government intended to be disbanded, ostensibly on the
overall grounds of cost, despite the SIA being essentially self-funding
via licence payments. Whilst this may alleviate to some extent the
financial burden on employers and individuals alike, some members of the
industry sees this as a retrograde step, fearing a return of the
organised criminal element to the currently regulated industry.
Republic of
Ireland
In the Republic of Ireland all potential doormen (Bouncers) must
complete a
FETAC level 4 course in Door Security Procedures. This allows them
to apply for a PSA license (Private Security Authority). The PSA vet all
applicants before issuing a license, Subsequently some past convictions
will disqualify an applicant from working in the security industry. The
license issued by the PSA entitles the holder of the license to work on
pubs, clubs and event security. It is to be noted that currently event
security is an unlicensed sector in Ireland and one does not require a
PSA license to provide a security service at an event. However the PSA
in conjunction with some of the major security companies in Ireland are
in the process of regulating the events sector, As a means for
continuous development of standards.
United States
Requirements for bouncers vary from state to state, with some
examples being:
California:
In California, Senate Bill 194 requires any bouncer or security guard
to be registered with the State of California Department of Consumer
Affairs Bureau of Security and Investigative Services. These guards must
also complete a criminal background check, including submitting their
fingerprints to the
California Department of Justice and the
Federal Bureau of Investigation. Californians must undertake the
"Skills Training Course for Security Guards" before receiving a security
licence. Further courses allow for qualified security personnel to carry
batons upon completion of training.[54]
New York:
In New York State, it is illegal for a bar owner to knowingly hire a
felon for a bouncer position. Under Article 7 General Business Law, bars
and nightclubs are not allowed to hire bouncers without a proper
license. Under New York state law only a Private Investigator or Watch,
Guard and Patrol Agency can supply security guards/bouncers to bars
[55]
Notable bouncers
-
Pope Francis worked as a bouncer in a
Buenos Aires bar to earn money as a student.[56]
-
Dave Batista, former WWE superstar, worked as a bouncer in
Washington D.C. nightclubs prior to his wrestling career.[57]
-
Al Capone, Chicago-based gangster, worked as a bartender/bouncer
in his early life.[58]
-
Geoff Thompson, British bouncer and author of the book
Watch My Back.[59]
-
Glenn Ross, Northern Irish bouncer and
strongman.[60]
-
James Gandolfini, American actor who worked as a bouncer at an
on-campus
pub while studying at
Rutgers University.[61]
-
Lenny McLean, British
bare-knuckle boxing heavyweight champion who also worked as a
head doorman at London nightclubs.[62]
-
Michael Clarke Duncan, American actor and former bouncer who
also worked as a bodyguard for various celebrities.[63]
-
Bas Rutten, Dutch Mixed Martial Artist and kickboxer.
- Mr. T,
American actor, former bouncer and twice winner of the "America's
Toughest Bouncer" competition.[64]
-
Road Warrior Animal (Joseph Laurinaitis), a
professional wrestling tag-team star who worked as a bouncer.[65]
-
Vincent D'Onofrio, American actor on
Law & Order: Criminal Intent.[66]
-
Vin Diesel, American actor who created his 'Vin Diesel'
pseudonym to protect his anonymity while working as a bouncer.[40]
-
Georges St-Pierre, Canadian mixed martial artist and UFC
Welterweight Champion; former bouncer.[67]
-
Chazz Palminteri, American actor and writer.[68]
-
Dolph Lundgren, Swedish actor, director, and martial artist.[68]
-
Patrick Swayze, American actor, dancer, and body builder.[68]
-
Ivan 'Doc' Holiday, Canadian bouncer and author of The
Cooler's Grimiore.[69]
-
Wade Woodbury. Canadian Bouncer and USA Cooler in the 80s & 90s
and was a technical advisor to the Movie Road House
- Darren Lee, Australian bouncer and author of 101 Tips on How
to be a Bouncer: Techniques to Handle Situations Without Violence.[70]
-
Terry McPhillips worked as a bouncer over 25 years, who treated
customers with respect, and kept peace in every establishment,
without excessive force. Quoted for saying "Customers are the reason
we are here,to ensure their safety, not to be fighters,but
peacekeepers"
In animals
Some types of ant species have evolved a sub-specialisation that has
been called a 'bouncer', and performs a similar function (throwing
intruders outside) for its fellows. The majors of the Australian
Dacetine
Orectognathus versicolor ants have massive blunt
mandible jaws which are of little use to the prey-capture techniques
this
trap jaw species normally engages in. Instead, they spend much of
their time guarding the nest opening, their jaws cocked. When foreign
ants venture close, the force of the mandibles is sufficient to throw
back the intruder for a significant distance, a defense behaviour which
is thought to also protect the guard against physical or chemical injury
that it might sustain in more direct battle.[71]
In social control
Some critics have noted that the
European Union has assigned the job of being its border security
'bouncers' to various non-EU North African countries like Morocco,
Algeria or Libya, who are to turn away refugees (often with severe
ill-treatment) before they can reach Europe to request
asylum,[72]
analogous to a club bouncer turning away undesirable customers.
In a similar analogy, some social theorists have expressed the state
itself as a form of 'bouncer' which "pushes and punches drifters [people
who do not conform with social norms] back to where they are supposed to
be" - though, depending on society, some states may be much more
heavy-handed and proactive in this.[73]
See also
In general:
In popular culture:
References
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^
Sex and Eroticism in Mesopotamian Literature - Leick,
Gwendolyn; via
Google Books, Routledge, 1994 Page 252
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Greek Myths and Mesopotamia: Parallels and Influence in the
Homeric Hymns and Hesiod - Penglase, Charles; via
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^
"Porter".
Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton
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and Adelphoe - Titus Maccius Plautus (translated /
edited by Berg, Deena & Parker, Douglass), via
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^ De Fuga in
Persecutione - Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus, via
The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XI, Second Edition,
Page 393,
Cambridge University Press, 1970
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^
Unknown article name -
London Daily News, Thursday 26 July 1883, via the
Online Etymological Dictionary
-
^
The Ladies; God Bless 'Em! - Shady Ladies of the Old West
- Jeffords, Christine; private homepage at rootsweb.com
-
^
Snake-room (logging) (from Logger's Words of Yesteryears
- Sorden, L.G.; Isabel J. Ebert; Madison, 1956, via
wisconsinhistory.net)
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^
Drinking in America: A History - Search for Consensus: Drinking
and the War Against Pluralism, 1860-1920 - Lender, Mark
Edward & Martin, James Kirby, The Free Press, New York, 1982
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^
Schleswig, Iowa: The First 75 Years: Hohenzollern, Morgan
Township: 1883-1899 - compiled by Lillian M. (Kuehl)
Jackso and Emma L. (Brasse) Struck, private homepage at
rootsweb.com
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^
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website westland.net)
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^
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Elizabeth, The Journal of San Diego History, Spring 1974, Volume
20, Number 2
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^
1914 - America, and the phonograph industry, on the verge of the
Great War (from the 'intertique.com' website. Accessed
2008-02-05.)
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^
Baltimore's Bawdy "Block" - Hull, Stephen; Stag,
1952 (at the moment only via
Google cache)
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^
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Architecture, Art, and Music - Zalampas, Sherree Owens; via
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^
German Commanders of World War II - Kemp, Anthony & McBride,
Angus; via
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Osprey Publishing, 1990, Page 5
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^
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Huener, Jonathan & Nicosia, Francis R.; via
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^
Hitler's foreign workers: enforced foreign labor in Germany
under the Third Reich - Herbert, Ulrich; via
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Cambridge University Press, 2006, Page 8
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^
Football Hooligans: Knowing the Score - Armstrong, Gary; via
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^
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Peter B. E.; via
Google Books, Oxford University Press, 2006, Page 23 and 285
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^
The victim, the exception - Hong Kong Stories feature,
Journalism and Media Studies Centre,
University of Hong Kong, 13 May 2007
-
^
The Triads As Business - Yiu Kong Chu, via
Google Books, Routledge, 2000, Page 101
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a
b
Nightclub Bouncers Tell All - Tales from behind the velvet rope
-
The Boston Phoenix, via the 'BostonNightclubNews.com'
website. Accessed 2008-02-02.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Get Ready To Duck - Winlow, Simon; Hobbs, Dick; Lister,
Stuart; Hadfield, Phillip; British Journal of Criminology,
No 41, 2001, Pages 536-548. Accessed 2008-05-04.
-
^
Australian Violence: Contemporary Perspectives (PDF)
- Chappell, Duncan; Grabosky, Peter & Strang, Heather;
Australian Institute of Criminology, 1991
-
^
Security Industry Amendment (Patron Protection) Bill[dead
link] (website of the
Parliament of New South Wales, Hansard & Papers, Legislative
Council, Thursday 11 May 2006)
-
^
Get Ready To Duck - Winlow, Simon; Hobbs, Dick; Lister,
Stuart; Hadfield, Phillip; British Journal of Criminology,
No 41, 2001, Page 537. Accessed 2009-01-08.
-
^
Is there a place for covert research methods in criminology?
- Wells, Helen M.,
Graduate Journal of Social Science, 2004, Vol. 1 Issue
1. Accessed 2008-05-04.
-
^
Bouncers & Doormen (from the crimedoctor.com website,
Accessed 2008-05-02.)
- ^
a
b
Bouncers to the rescue -
Times of India, 2 May 2005
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Safety and Security for Liquor Licensees (from the
Michigan Licensed Beverage Association's website. Accessed
2008-02-01.)
-
^
Get Ready To Duck - Winlow, Simon; Hobbs, Dick; Lister,
Stuart; Hadfield, Phillip; British Journal of Criminology,
No 41, 2001, Page 541. Accessed 2009-01-09.
-
^
Get Ready To Duck - Winlow, Simon; Hobbs, Dick; Lister,
Stuart; Hadfield, Phillip; British Journal of Criminology,
No 41, 2001, Pages 541-542. Accessed 2009-01-08.
-
^
Get Ready To Duck - Winlow, Simon; Hobbs, Dick; Lister,
Stuart; Hadfield, Phillip; British Journal of Criminology,
No 41, 2001, Page 543. Accessed 2009-01-08.
- ^
a
b
c
Civil liability of commercial
providers of alcohol (PDF) - Folick, Lorne P.S.; Dolden
Wallace Folick, Vancouver, April 2005
- ^
a
b
c
Did you know? (from the October 2005 newsletter of 'Smart
Serve Ontario',
Ontario,
Canada)
-
^
'Cowardly' bouncers terrorising pub, club patrons -
The Australian, Wednesday 28 February 2007
-
^
Nightclub security and surveillance 1 (book excerpt from
Policing the nightclub) - Rigakos, George S.; The
Canadian Review of Policing Research, 2004. Accessed
2008-02-05.
- ^
a
b
Betty chats with the new hunk on the block, Vin Diesel -
Vin Diesel interview via 'beatboxbettty.com'. Accessed
2008-02-02.
-
^
"Gunfight at bar leaves one wounded, another in custody",
New Hampshire Union Leader, April 15, 2007
-
^
Baton and Handcuff course (from the 'secta.com.au' company
website. Accessed 2008-02-02.)
-
^
"Police seek liquor license denials for two local bars".
The World. Retrieved
2008-10-29.
- ^
a
b
Why women want to join the club -
The Independent, Tuesday 3 October 2006, via
findarticles.com
-
^
Mate, Don't Call These Bouncers Babe (Abstract) -
New York Times, Wednesday, 18 April 2001
-
^
Chandigarh's brawny female bouncers 'man' nightclub -
Nerve of India, Monday 28 July 2008
-
^
Punjab's first female bouncers lose their jobs - DNA
India, Thursday 16 October 2008
-
^
Bouncers take course or they're out -
Edmonton Journal, Saturday February 2, 2008
-
^
Private Investigators and Security Guards - Licensing (from
the Ontario Ministry of Community Safety and Corrections
website. Accessed 2008-02-05.)
-
^
http://www.justice.govt.nz/tribunals/PSPLA/applying-for-a-licence-or-certificate-of-approval-1
-
^
How do clubs select bouncers? 'It's not just about wearing a
black shirt' - The Electric New Paper, Friday 01
February 2008
-
^ bbc
-
^
Get Licensed - SIA licensing criteria (PDF)
(from the
Security Industry Authority,
Great Britain. Accessed 2008-05-02.)
-
^
New Security Guard Training Regulation (from the
California Department of Consumer Affairs website. Accessed
2008-03-26.)
-
^
Last Call for the Falls? (blog entry on
Village Voice, with further references)
-
^
[1] Harry Alsop, "Pope Francis: 20 things you didn't know",
The Daily Telegraph 14 March 2013
-
^
[2] (from his official biography on WWE.com. Accessed
2011-06-11.)
-
^
History Files - Al Capone (from the
Chicago History Museum website. Accessed 2008-02-02.)
-
^
Geoff Thompson (from the
rdf management company website. Accessed 2008-02-02.)
-
^
Strongman Glenn just a gentle giant (article excerpt
from The News Letter, Belfast, Northern Ireland, via
'highbeam.com'. Accessed 2008-02-05.)
-
^
James Gandolfini bio, askmen.com. Retrieved 10 November
2011.
-
^
About (from the Official
Lenny McLean website. Accessed 2008-02-02.)
-
^
From Bouncer to Oscar -
Reel.com interview with
Michael Clarke Duncan. Accessed 2008-02-02.
-
^
Mr T - Biography (from the 'netglimse.com' website. Accessed
2008-02-02.)
-
^
Testimony (from the 'witnessjesus.org' website. Accessed
2008-02-02.)
-
^
Cop doesn't know how to stop -
The New York Times, via 'theage.com.au' website.
Accessed 2008-02-02.
-
^
"White: GSP more famous than Gretzky".
Sportsnet. 5 December 2010.
Retrieved 27 August 2012.
- ^
a
b
c
http://www.dolphlundgren.com/about/biography.html
-
^
http://www.clubsystemsinternational.com/year_archive.html/2002/apr02/holiday.htm
-
^
http://www.amazon.com/101-Tips-How-Bouncer-ebook/dp/B008YIMIQY
-
^
The "Bouncer" Defense of Odontomachus Ruginodis and other
Odontomachine Ants (Hymenoptera Formicidae) - Carlin,
Norman F. & Gladstein, David, S.,
Psyche, 1989, Volume 96, No. 1-2, Page 3
-
^
FRONTEX: The EU External Borders Agency, 9th Report of Session
2007-08, Report with Evidence - European Union Committee,
House of Lords, Parliament of Great Britain; via
Google Books, Stationery Office, 2008, Page 165
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^
Tradition of the Law and Law of the Tradition: Law, State, and
Social Control in China - Xin Ren via
Google Books, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997, Page 139
Further reading
- Jamie O'Keefe - Old School-New School: Guide to Bouncers,
Security and Registered Door Supervisors, New Breed Publishing,
August 1997.
ISBN 0-9517567-6-1
- Lee Morrison - Safe on the Door: The Complete Guide for Door
Supervisors, Hodder Arnold, February 2006.
ISBN 0-340-90575-1
- Lee Morrison - Up Close, Nothing Personal: Practical
Self-Protection for Door Security Staff, Apex Publishing,
December 2003.
ISBN 1-904432-25-5
- Robin Barratt - Doing the doors: A Life on the Door, Milo
Books, 1 February 2004,
ISBN 1-903854-19-9
- Robin Barratt - Confessions of a Doorman, Diverse
Publications Ltd, 22 June 2006,
ISBN 0-9548143-2-0
- Robin Barratt - Bouncers and Bodyguards, Mainstream
Publishing, 5 March 2006,
ISBN 978-1-84596-458-0
- Robin Barratt - Respect and Reputation - On The Doors, in
Prison and in Life, Apex Publishing, June 2010,
ISBN 978-1-906358-81-5
- Ivan Holiday Arsenault - The Bouncer's Bible, Turner
Paige Publishing, 15 January 1999,
ISBN 1-929036-00-0
- Ivan Holiday Arsenault - The Cooler's Grimiore, Outskirt
Press Publishing, 6 July 2008,
ISBN 1-4327-2641-2
- Ivan Holiday Arsenault - Sun Tzu & The Art of Bouncing,
Outskirt Press Publishing, 15 April 2011,
ISBN 978-1-4327-7093-8
- Ivan Holiday Arsenault - The Bouncer's Bible - 2nd Edition,
Outskirt Press Publishing, 19 July 2011,
ISBN 978-1-4327-7089-1
- George Rigakos - Nightclub: Bouncers, Risk, and the Spectacle
of Consumption, Mcgill Queens University Press May 2008
ISBN 978-0-7735-3362-2
- Jason Dyson - Door Supervisors Course Book - National Door
Supervisors Qualification, Highfield January 2010
ISBN 978-1-906404-84-0
External links
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