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LA GRAMMATICA DI ENGLISH GRATIS IN VERSIONE MOBILE   INFORMATIVA PRIVACY

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                                         IL Metodo  |  Grammatica  |  RISPOSTE GRAMMATICALI  |  Multiblog  |  INSEGNARE AGLI ADULTI  |  INSEGNARE AI BAMBINI  |  AudioBooks  |  RISORSE SFiziosE  |  Articoli  |  Tips  | testi pAralleli  |  VIDEO SOTTOTITOLATI
                                                                                         ESERCIZI :   Serie 1 - 2 - 3  - 4 - 5  SERVIZI:   Pronunciatore di inglese - Dizionario - Convertitore IPA/UK - IPA/US - Convertitore di valute in lire ed euro                                              

 

 

WIKIBOOKS
DISPONIBILI
?????????

ART
- Great Painters
BUSINESS&LAW
- Accounting
- Fundamentals of Law
- Marketing
- Shorthand
CARS
- Concept Cars
GAMES&SPORT
- Videogames
- The World of Sports

COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY
- Blogs
- Free Software
- Google
- My Computer

- PHP Language and Applications
- Wikipedia
- Windows Vista

EDUCATION
- Education
LITERATURE
- Masterpieces of English Literature
LINGUISTICS
- American English

- English Dictionaries
- The English Language

MEDICINE
- Medical Emergencies
- The Theory of Memory
MUSIC&DANCE
- The Beatles
- Dances
- Microphones
- Musical Notation
- Music Instruments
SCIENCE
- Batteries
- Nanotechnology
LIFESTYLE
- Cosmetics
- Diets
- Vegetarianism and Veganism
TRADITIONS
- Christmas Traditions
NATURE
- Animals

- Fruits And Vegetables



ARTICLES IN THE BOOK

  1. Atom
  2. Audioblogging
  3. Blog Carnival
  4. Blogcast
  5. Blog feed
  6. Blog fiction
  7. Blogger.com
  8. Bloggies
  9. Blogosphere
  10. Blogroll
  11. Blog software
  12. Citizen journalism
  13. Collaborative blog
  14. Community Server
  15. Content Management System
  16. Corporate blog
  17. Dooce
  18. Edublog
  19. Electronic literature
  20. Escribitionist
  21. Facebook
  22. Flaming
  23. Forum moderator
  24. Fotolog
  25. GNU General Public License
  26. Google bomb
  27. Google Reader
  28. Inauthentic Text
  29. International Weblogger's Day
  30. Internet Troll
  31. Linkback
  32. Link rot
  33. List of blogging terms
  34. LiveJournal
  35. Massively distributed collaboration
  36. Micropatronage
  37. Moblog
  38. Moderation system
  39. Movable Type
  40. MySpace
  41. MySQL
  42. News aggregator
  43. Online diary
  44. OPML
  45. PageRank
  46. Permalink
  47. Personal journal
  48. Photoblog
  49. Pingback
  50. Ping-server
  51. Podcasting
  52. Political blog
  53. Project blog
  54. Rating community
  55. Reputation management
  56. Reputation system
  57. RSS
  58. Social media
  59. Spam blog
  60. Spamdexing
  61. Spam in blogs
  62. Sping
  63. Technorati
  64. TrackBack
  65. User generated content
  66. Virtual Community
  67. Vlog
  68. Weblog
  69. Windows Live Spaces
  70. WordPress.com
  71. Wordpress
  72. Yahoo 360°
  73. YouTube

 


 

 
CONDIZIONI DI USO DI QUESTO SITO
L'utente può utilizzare il nostro sito solo se comprende e accetta quanto segue:

  • Le risorse linguistiche gratuite presentate in questo sito si possono utilizzare esclusivamente per uso personale e non commerciale con tassativa esclusione di ogni condivisione comunque effettuata. Tutti i diritti sono riservati. La riproduzione anche parziale è vietata senza autorizzazione scritta.
  • Il nome del sito EnglishGratis è esclusivamente un marchio e un nome di dominio internet che fa riferimento alla disponibilità sul sito di un numero molto elevato di risorse gratuite e non implica dunque alcuna promessa di gratuità relativamente a prodotti e servizi nostri o di terze parti pubblicizzati a mezzo banner e link, o contrassegnati chiaramente come prodotti a pagamento (anche ma non solo con la menzione "Annuncio pubblicitario"), o comunque menzionati nelle pagine del sito ma non disponibili sulle pagine pubbliche, non protette da password, del sito stesso.
  • La pubblicità di terze parti è in questo momento affidata al servizio Google AdSense che sceglie secondo automatismi di carattere algoritmico gli annunci di terze parti che compariranno sul nostro sito e sui quali non abbiamo alcun modo di influire. Non siamo quindi responsabili del contenuto di questi annunci e delle eventuali affermazioni o promesse che in essi vengono fatte!
  • L'utente, inoltre, accetta di tenerci indenni da qualsiasi tipo di responsabilità per l'uso - ed eventuali conseguenze di esso - degli esercizi e delle informazioni linguistiche e grammaticali contenute sul siti. Le risposte grammaticali sono infatti improntate ad un criterio di praticità e pragmaticità più che ad una completezza ed esaustività che finirebbe per frastornare, per l'eccesso di informazione fornita, il nostro utente. La segnalazione di eventuali errori è gradita e darà luogo ad una immediata rettifica.

     

    ENGLISHGRATIS.COM è un sito personale di
    Roberto Casiraghi e Crystal Jones
    email: robertocasiraghi at iol punto it

    Roberto Casiraghi           
    INFORMATIVA SULLA PRIVACY              Crystal Jones


    Siti amici:  Lonweb Daisy Stories English4Life Scuolitalia
    Sito segnalato da INGLESE.IT

 
 



THE BOOK OF BLOGS
This article is from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSS_%28file_format%29

All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License 

RSS

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from RSS (file format))

RSS is a family of web feed formats used to publish frequently updated digital content, such as blogs, news feeds or podcasts.

Users of RSS content use programs called feed "readers" or "aggregators:" the user subscribes to a feed by supplying to his or her reader a link to the feed; the reader can then check the user's subscribed feeds to see if any of those feeds have new content since the last time it checked, and if so, retrieve that content and present it to the user.

The initials "RSS" are variously used to refer to the following standards:

  • Really Simple Syndication (RSS 2.0)
  • Rich Site Summary (RSS 0.91, RSS 1.0)
  • RDF Site Summary (RSS 0.9 and 1.0)

RSS formats are specified in XML (a generic specification for data formats). RSS delivers its information as an XML file called an "RSS feed," "webfeed," "RSS stream," or "RSS channel".

Usage

Programs known as feed readers or aggregators can check a list of feeds on behalf of a user and display any updated articles that they find. It is common to find web feeds on major websites and many smaller ones. Some websites let people choose between RSS or Atom formatted web feeds; others will provide only one of the two.

Client-side newsreaders

RSS-aware programs are available for various operating systems. Client-side readers and aggregators are typically constructed as standalone programs or extensions to existing programs such as web browsers and Email readers. Many browsers have integrated support for RSS feeds. There also are other applications that can convert an RSS feed into several usenet articles, viewable through the major newsreader software such as Mozilla Thunderbird or Forté Agent.

Web-based newsreaders

Web-based feed readers and news aggregators such as NewsGator Online require no software installation and make the user's feeds available on any computer with Web access. Some aggregators combine existing web feeds into new feeds, e.g., taking all football related items from several sports feeds and providing a new football feed. There are also search engines for content published via web feeds like Bloglines.

Feed representation

On Web pages, web feeds (RSS or Atom) are typically linked with the word "Subscribe", an orange square, a feed icon, or a rectangle with the letters XML or RSS. Many news aggregators such as My Yahoo! publish subscription buttons for use on Web pages to simplify the process of adding news feeds.

History

Before RSS, several similar formats already existed for syndication, but none achieved widespread popularity or are still in common use today, as most were envisioned to work only with a single service. The basic idea of re-structuring metadata information about web sites has been traced back at least as far as 1995, and the work of Ramanathan V. Guha and others at Apple Computer's Advanced Technology Group developing the Meta Content Framework (MCF).[2] Other early work on XML syndication formats, including RDF, took place at Netscape, Userland Software, and Microsoft. For a more detailed discussion of these early developments, see History of web syndication technology.

RDF Site Summary, the first version of RSS, was created by Ramanathan V. Guha of Netscape in March 1999 for use on the My Netscape portal. This version became known as RSS 0.9.[3][verification needed] In July 1999, responding to comments and suggestions, Dan Libby produced a prototype tentatively named RSS 0.91[4] (RSS standing for Rich Site Summary), that simplified the format and incorporated parts of Dave Winer's Scripting News format. [5] This they considered an interim measure, with Libby suggesting an RSS 1.0-like format through the so-called Futures Document.[6]

In April 2001, in the midst of AOL's acquisition and subsequent restructuring of Netscape properties, a re-design of the My Netscape portal removed RSS/XML support. The RSS 0.91 DTD was removed during this re-design, but in response to feedback, Dan Libby was able to restore the DTD, but not the RSS validator previously in place. In response to comments within the RSS community at the time, Lars Marius Garshol, to whom (co?)authorship of the original 0.9 DTD is sometimes attributed, commented, "What I don't understand is all this fuss over Netscape removing the DTD. A well-designed RSS tool, whether it validates or not, would not use the DTD at Netscape's site in any case. There are several mechanisms which can be used to control the dereferencing of references from XML documents to their DTDs. These should be used. If not the result will be as described in the article." [7]

Effectively, this left the format without an owner, just as it was becoming widely used.

A working group and mailing list, RSS-DEV, was set up by various users and XML notables to continue its development. At the same time, Winer unilaterally posted a modified version of the RSS 0.91 specification to the Userland website, since it was already in use in their products. He claimed the RSS 0.91 specification was the property of his company, UserLand Software.[8] Since neither side had any official claim on the name or the format, arguments raged whenever either side claimed RSS as its own, creating what became known as the RSS fork.

The RSS-DEV group went on to produce RSS 1.0 in December 2000.[9] Like RSS 0.9 (but not 0.91) this was based on the RDF specifications, but was more modular, with many of the terms coming from standard metadata vocabularies such as Dublin Core.

Nineteen days later, Winer released by himself RSS 0.92,[10] a minor and supposedly compatible set of changes to RSS 0.91 based on the same proposal. In April 2001, he published a draft of RSS 0.93 which was almost identical to 0.92.[11] A draft RSS 0.94 surfaced in August, reverting the changes made in 0.93, and adding a type attribute to the description element.

In September 2002, Winer released a final successor to RSS 0.92, known as RSS 2.0 and emphasizing "Really Simple Syndication" as the meaning of the three-letter abbreviation. The RSS 2.0 spec removed the type attribute added in RSS 0.94 and allowed people to add extension elements using XML namespaces. Several versions of RSS 2.0 were released, but the version number of the document model was not changed.

In November 2002, The New York Times began offering its readers the ability to subscribe to RSS news feeds related to various topics. In January, 2003, Winer called the New York Times' adoption of RSS the "tipping point" in driving the RSS format's becoming a de facto standard.

In July 2003, Winer and Userland Software assigned ownership of the RSS 2.0 specification to his then workplace, Harvard's Berkman Center for the Internet & Society.[12]

In January 2005, Sean B. Palmer, Christopher Schmidt, and Cody Woodard produced a preliminary draft of RSS 1.1.[13] It was intended as a bugfix for 1.0, removing little-used features, simplifying the syntax and improving the specification based on the more recent RDF specifications. As of July 2005, RSS 1.1 had amounted to little more than an academic exercise.

In April 2005, Apple Computer released Safari 2.0 with RSS Feed capabilities built in. Safari delivered the ability to read RSS feeds, and bookmark them, with built-in search features. Safari's RSS button is a blue rounded rectangle with RSS written inside in white, Safari's RSS icon/button. The favicon displayed defaults to a newspaper icon Safari's feed favicon..

In November 2005, Microsoft proposed its Simple Sharing Extensions to RSS.[14]

In December 2005, the Microsoft IE team and Outlook team announced in their blogs that they will be adopting the feed icon first used in the Mozilla Firefox browser , effectively making the orange square with white radio waves the industry standard for both RSS and related formats such as Atom. Also in February 2006, Opera Software announced they too would add the orange square in their Opera 9 release.

In January 2006, Rogers Cadenhead relaunched the RSS Advisory Board in order to move the RSS format forward.

In January 2007, as part of a revitalization of Netscape by AOL, the FQDN for my.netscape.com was redirected to a holding page in preparation for an impending relaunch, and as a result some news feeders using RSS 0.91 stopped working. The DTD has again been restored.

Incompatibilities

As noted above, there are several different versions of RSS, falling into two major branches (RDF and 2.*). The RDF, or RSS 1.* branch includes the following versions:

  • RSS 0.90 was the original Netscape RSS version. This RSS was called RDF Site Summary, but was based on an early working draft of the RDF standard, and was not compatible with the final RDF Recommendation.
  • RSS 1.0 is an open format by the RSS-DEV Working Group, again standing for RDF Site Summary. RSS 1.0 is an RDF format like RSS 0.90, but not fully compatible with it, since 1.0 is based on the final RDF 1.0 Recommendation.
  • RSS 1.1 is also an open format and is intended to update and replace RSS 1.0. The specification is an independent draft not supported or endorsed in any way by the RSS-Dev Working Group or any other organization.

The RSS 2.* branch (initially UserLand, now Harvard) includes the following versions:

  • RSS 0.91 is the simplified RSS version released by Netscape, and also the version number of the simplified version championed by Dave Winer from Userland Software. The Netscape version was now called Rich Site Summary, this was no longer an RDF format, but was relatively easy to use. It remains the most common RSS variant.
  • RSS 0.92 through 0.94 are expansions of the RSS 0.91 format, which are mostly compatible with each other and with Winer's version of RSS 0.91, but are not compatible with RSS 0.90. In all Userland RSS 0.9x specifications, RSS was no longer an acronym.
  • RSS 2.0.1 has the internal version number 2.0. RSS 2.0.1 was proclaimed to be "frozen", but still updated shortly after release without changing the version number. RSS now stood for Really Simple Syndication. The major change in this version is an explicit extension mechanism using XML Namespaces.

For the most part, later versions in each branch are backward-compatible with earlier versions (aside from non-conformant RDF syntax in 0.90), and both versions include properly documented extension mechanisms using XML Namespaces, either directly (in the 2.* branch) or through RDF (in the 1.* branch). Most syndication software supports both branches. Mark Pilgrim's article "The Myth of RSS Compatibility" discusses RSS version compatibility in more detail.

The extension mechanisms make it possible for each branch to track innovations in the other. For example, the RSS 2.* branch was the first to support enclosures, making it the current leading choice for podcasting, and as of mid-2005 is the format supported for that use by iTunes and other podcasting software; however, an enclosure extension is now available for the RSS 1.* branch, mod_enclosure [1]. Likewise, the RSS 2.* core specification does not support providing full-text in addition to a synopsis, but the RSS 1.* markup can be (and often is) used as an extension. There are also several common outside extension packages available, including a new proposal from Microsoft for use in Internet Explorer 7.

The most serious compatibility problem is with HTML markup. Userland's RSS reader—generally considered as the reference implementation—did not originally filter out HTML markup from feeds. As a result, publishers began placing HTML markup into the titles and descriptions of items in their RSS feeds. This behavior has become widely expected of readers, to the point of becoming a de facto standard, though there is still some inconsistency in how software handles this markup, particularly in titles. The RSS 2.0 specification was later updated to include examples of entity-encoded HTML, however all prior plain text usages remain valid.

Atom

Main article: Atom (standard)

In reaction to recognized issues with RSS (and because RSS 2.0 is frozen), a third group began a new syndication specification, Atom, in June 2003. Their work was later adopted by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) leading to the publication of a specification (RFC 4287) for the Atom Format in 2005. Work on the Atom Publishing Protocol, a standards-based protocol for posting to publishing tools is ongoing.

The relative benefits of Atom in comparison to the two RSS branches are a matter of debate within the Web-syndication community. Supporters of Atom claim that it improves on RSS by relying on standard XML features, by specifying a payload container that can handle many different kinds of content unambiguously, and by having a specification maintained by a recognized standards organization. Critics claim that Atom unnecessarily introduces a third branch of syndication specifications, further confusing the marketplace.

For a comparison of Atom 1.0 to RSS 2.0 see Atom Compared to RSS 2.0.

Modules

The primary objective of all RSS modules is to extend the basic XML schema established for more robust syndication of content. This inherently allows for more diverse, yet standardized, transactions without modifying the core RSS specification.

To accomplish this extension, a tightly controlled vocabulary (in the RSS world, "module"; in the XML world, "schema") is declared through an XML namespace to give names to concepts and relationships between those concepts.

Some RSS 2.0 modules with established namespaces:

  • Ecommerce RSS 2.0 Module [15]
  • Media RSS 2.0 Module [16]
  • OpenSearch RSS 2.0 Module [17]

BitTorrent and RSS

The peer-to-peer application BitTorrent has also announced support for RSS. Such feeds (also known as Torrent/RSS-es or Torrentcasts) will allow client applications to download files automatically (also known as Broadcatching). Most common BitTorrent clients already offer RSS support.

Example - RSS 1.0

The following is an example of an RSS 1.0 file.

<?xml version="1.0"?><rdf:RDF  xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"> <channel rdf:about="http://www.xml.com/xml/news.rss">   <title>XML.com</title>   <link>http://xml.com/pub</link>   <description>     XML.com features a rich mix of information and services      for the XML community.   </description>   <image rdf:resource="http://xml.com/universal/images/xml_tiny.gif" />   <items>     <rdf:Seq>       <rdf:li resource="http://xml.com/pub/2000/08/09/xslt/xslt.html" />       <rdf:li resource="http://xml.com/pub/2000/08/09/rdfdb/index.html" />     </rdf:Seq>   </items>   <textinput rdf:resource="http://search.xml.com" /> </channel> <image rdf:about="http://xml.com/universal/images/xml_tiny.gif">   <title>XML.com</title>   <link>http://www.xml.com</link>   <url>http://xml.com/universal/images/xml_tiny.gif</url> </image> <item rdf:about="http://xml.com/pub/2000/08/09/xslt/xslt.html">   <title>Processing Inclusions with XSLT</title>   <link>http://xml.com/pub/2000/08/09/xslt/xslt.html</link>   <description>    Processing document inclusions with general XML tools can be     problematic. This article proposes a way of preserving inclusion     information through SAX-based processing.   </description> </item> <item rdf:about="http://xml.com/pub/2000/08/09/rdfdb/index.html">   <title>Putting RDF to Work</title>   <link>http://xml.com/pub/2000/08/09/rdfdb/index.html</link>   <description>    Tool and API support for the Resource Description Framework     is slowly coming of age. Edd Dumbill takes a look at RDFDB,     one of the most exciting new RDF toolkits.   </description> </item> <textinput rdf:about="http://search.xml.com">   <title>Search XML.com</title>   <description>Search XML.com's XML collection</description>   <name>s</name>   <link>http://search.xml.com</link> </textinput></rdf:RDF>

Example - RSS 2.0

The following is an example of an RSS 2.0 file.

<?xml version="1.0"?><rss version="2.0">  <channel>    <title>Liftoff News</title>    <link>http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/</link>    <description>Liftoff to Space Exploration.</description>    <language>en-us</language>    <pubDate>Tue, 10 Jun 2003 04:00:00 GMT</pubDate>    <lastBuildDate>Tue, 10 Jun 2003 09:41:01 GMT</lastBuildDate>    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>    <generator>Weblog Editor 2.0</generator>    <managingEditor>editor@example.com</managingEditor>    <webMaster>webmaster@example.com</webMaster>    <item>      <title>Star City</title>      <link>http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/news/2003/news-starcity.asp</link>      <description>How do Americans get ready to work with Russians aboard the        International Space Station? They take a crash course in culture, language        and protocol at Russia's Star City.</description>      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Jun 2003 09:39:21 GMT</pubDate>      <guid>http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/2003/06/03.html#item573</guid>    </item>        <item>      <title>Space Exploration</title>      <link>http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/</link>      <description>Sky watchers in Europe, Asia, and parts of Alaska and Canada        will experience a partial eclipse of the Sun on Saturday, May 31st.</description>      <pubDate>Fri, 30 May 2003 11:06:42 GMT</pubDate>      <guid>http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/2003/05/30.html#item572</guid>    </item>        <item>      <title>The Engine That Does More</title>      <link>http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/news/2003/news-VASIMR.asp</link>      <description>Before man travels to Mars, NASA hopes to design new engines        that will let us fly through the Solar System more quickly.  The proposed        VASIMR engine would do that.</description>      <pubDate>Tue, 27 May 2003 08:37:32 GMT</pubDate>      <guid>http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/2003/05/27.html#item571</guid>    </item>        <item>      <title>Astronauts' Dirty Laundry</title>      <link>http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/news/2003/news-laundry.asp</link>      <description>Compared to earlier spacecraft, the International Space        Station has many luxuries, but laundry facilities are not one of them.        Instead, astronauts have other options.</description>      <pubDate>Tue, 20 May 2003 08:56:02 GMT</pubDate>      <guid>http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/2003/05/20.html#item570</guid>    </item>  </channel></rss>

References

  1. ^ http://www.rssboard.org/rss-mime-type-application.txt
  2. ^ Lash, Alex (1997-10-03). W3C takes first step toward RDF spec. Retrieved on 2007-02-16.
  3. ^ My Netscape Network: Quick Start. Netscape Communications. Archived from the original on 2000-12-08. Retrieved on 2006-10-31.
  4. ^ Libby, Dan (1999-07-10). RSS 0.91 Spec, revision 3. Netscape Communications. Retrieved on 2007-02-14.
  5. ^ Winer, Dan. RSS History.
  6. ^ MNN Future Directions. Netscape Communications. Archived from the original on 2000-12-04. Retrieved on 2006-10-31.
  7. ^ Andrew King (2003-04-13). The Evolution of RSS. Retrieved on 2007-01-17.
  8. ^ Winer, Dave (2000-06-04). RSS 0.91: Copyright and Disclaimer. UserLand Software. Retrieved on 2006-10-31.
  9. ^ RSS-DEV Working Group (2000-12-09). RDF Site Summary (RSS) 1.0. Retrieved on 2006-10-31.
  10. ^ Winer, Dave (2000-12-25). RSS 0.92 Specification. UserLand Software. Retrieved on 2006-10-31.
  11. ^ Winer, Dave (2001-04-20). RSS 0.93 Specification. UserLand Software. Retrieved on 2006-10-31.
  12. ^ RSS 2.0 Specification moves to Berkman. Berkman Center for the Internet & Society (2003-07-15). Retrieved on 2006-10-31.
  13. ^ Palmer, Sean B. and Christopher Schmidt (2005-01-23). RSS 1.1: RDF Site Summary. Retrieved on 2006-10-31.
  14. ^ Simple Sharing Extensions for RSS and OPML. Microsoft (2006-01-12). Retrieved on 2006-10-31.
  15. ^ Ecommerce RSS Module. Discovery Communications Inc. (2006-10-31). Retrieved on 2006-10-31.
  16. ^ Media RSS Module. Yahoo (2006-10-31). Retrieved on 2006-10-31.
  17. ^ OpenSearch RSS Module. A9.com (2006-10-31). Retrieved on 2006-10-31.

See also

  • Atom
  • Podcasting
  • Syndication
  • RSS Readers
  • Yahoo! Pipes, a tool for creating mashups of RSS feeds.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
RSS

Specifications

  • RSS 0.90 Specification
  • RSS 0.91 Spec, revision 3
  • RSS 1.0 Specifications (RDF Site Summary 1.0) Modules
  • RSS 2.0 Specifications Modules
  • Draft Microsoft specification for Simple Sharing Extensions to RSS (See Wikipedia article)

Articles

  • RSS Political Faq (Dave Winer)
  • History of the RSS Fork (Mark Pilgrim)
  • Building an RSS feed. Progressive manual with example.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSS"