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Human anatomy
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WIKIMAG n. 4 - Marzo 2013
Human anatomy
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Human anatomy (gr. ἀνατομία, "dissection", from ἀνά, "up", and
τέμνειν, "cut") is primarily the scientific study of the
morphology of the
human body.[1]
Anatomy
is subdivided into
gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy.[1]
Gross anatomy (also called topographical anatomy, regional anatomy, or
anthropotomy) is the study of anatomical structures that
can be seen by the naked eye.[1]
Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures
assisted with
microscopes, which includes
histology (the study of the organization of tissues),[1]
and
cytology (the study of cells).
Anatomy,
human physiology (the study of function), and
biochemistry (the study of the chemistry of living structures) are
complementary basic medical sciences that are generally together (or in
tandem) to students studying
medical sciences.
In some of its facets human anatomy is closely related to
embryology,
comparative anatomy and
comparative embryology,[1]
through common roots in
evolution; for example, much of the human body maintains the ancient
segmental pattern that is present in all
vertebrates with basic units being repeated, which is particularly
obvious
in the vertebral column and in the ribcage, and can be traced from very
early embryos.
The human body
consists
of
biological systems, that consist of
organs, that consist of
tissues, that consist of
cells and
connective tissue.
The
history of anatomy has been characterized, over a long period of
time, by a continually developing understanding of the functions of
organs and structures in the body. Methods have also advanced
dramatically, advancing from examination of
animals
through dissection of fresh and preserved
cadavers
(dead human bodies) to technologically complex techniques developed in
the 20th century.
Study
Anatomical study by Leonardo da Vinci
Generally,
physicians,
dentists,
physiotherapists,
nurses,
paramedics,
radiographers, and students of certain
biological sciences, learn gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy
from anatomical models, skeletons, textbooks, diagrams, photographs,
lectures, and tutorials. The study of microscopic anatomy (or
histology) can be aided by practical experience examining
histological preparations (or slides) under a
microscope; and in addition, medical and dental students generally
also learn anatomy with practical experience of
dissection and inspection of cadavers (dead human bodies). A
thorough working knowledge of anatomy is required for all
medical doctors, especially
surgeons,
and doctors working in some diagnostic specialities, such as
histopathology and
radiology.
Human anatomy,
physiology, and
biochemistry are basic medical sciences, which are generally taught
to medical students in their first year at medical school. Human anatomy
can be taught regionally or systemically;[1]
that is, respectively, studying anatomy by bodily regions such as the
head and chest, or studying by specific systems, such as the nervous or
respiratory systems. The major anatomy textbook,
Gray's Anatomy, has recently been reorganized from a systems format
to a regional format,[2][3]
in line with modern teaching.
Anatomy in
visual arts
Gross anatomy has become a key part of visual arts. Basic concepts of
how muscles and bones function and deform with movement is key to
drawing, painting or animating a human figure. Many books such as "Human
Anatomy for Artists: The Elements of Form", are written as a guide to
drawing the human body anatomically correctly.[4]
Leonardo da Vinci sought to improve his art through a better
understanding of human anatomy. In the process he advanced both human
anatomy and its representation in art.
Because the structure of living organism is complex, anatomy is
organized by levels, from the smallest components of cells to the
largest organs and their relationship to other organs.
Approaches
Regional groups
-
Head and
neck –
includes everything above the
thoracic inlet.
-
Upper limb – includes the
hand,
wrist,
forearm,
elbow,
arm, and
shoulder.
-
Thorax – the region of the chest from the
thoracic inlet to the
thoracic diaphragm.
-
Human abdomen to the
pelvic brim or to the pelvic inlet.
- The
back – the
spine and its components, the
vertebrae,
sacrum,
coccyx,
and
intervertebral disks.
-
Pelvis and
Perineum – the pelvis consists of everything from the
pelvic inlet to the
pelvic diaphragm. The perineum is the region between the
sex organs and the anus.
-
Lower limb – everything below the
inguinal ligament, including the
hip, the
thigh,
the knee,
the leg, the
ankle,
and the foot.
Internal organs (by region)
Head and neck
Thorax
Abdomen and pelvis (both sexes)
Male pelvis
Female pelvis
Major organ
systems
-
Circulatory system: pumping and channeling
blood
to and from the body and lungs with
heart,
blood,
and
blood vessels.
-
Digestive System: digestion and processing food with
salivary glands,
esophagus,
stomach,
liver,
gallbladder,
pancreas,
intestines,
rectum,
and anus.
-
Endocannabinoid system: neuromodulatory
lipids and receptors involved in a variety of physiological
processes including
appetite, pain-sensation,
mood,
motor learning,
synaptic plasticity, and
memory.
-
Endocrine system: communication within the body using
hormones made by
endocrine glands such as the
hypothalamus,
pituitary or pituitary gland,
pineal body or pineal gland,
thyroid,
parathyroids, and
adrenals or adrenal glands
-
Immune system: the system that fights off disease; composed of
leukocytes,
tonsils,
adenoids,
thymus,
and
spleen.
-
Integumentary system:
skin,
hair and
nails
-
Lymphatic system: structures involved in the transfer of lymph
between tissues and the blood stream, the
lymph
and the
nodes and
vessels that transport it.
-
Musculoskeletal system:
muscles
provide movement and a
skeleton provides structural support and protection with
bones,
cartilage,
ligaments, and
tendons.
-
Nervous system: collecting, transferring and processing
information with
brain,
spinal cord and
nerves
-
Reproductive system: the sex organs; in the female;
ovaries,
fallopian tubes,
uterus,
vagina,
mammary glands, and in the male;
testicles,
vas deferens,
seminal vesicles,
prostate, and
penis.
-
Respiratory system: the organs used for breathing, the
pharynx,
larynx,
trachea,
bronchi,
lungs, and
diaphragm.
-
Urinary system:
kidneys,
ureters,
bladder and
urethra involved in fluid balance, electrolyte balance and
excretion of urine.
-
Vestibular system: contributes to our balance and our sense of
spatial orientation.
Superficial
anatomy
Superficial anatomy or surface anatomy is important in human anatomy
being the study of anatomical landmarks that can be readily identified
from the contours or other reference points on the surface of the body.[1]
With knowledge of superficial anatomy,
physicians gauge the position and anatomy of deeper structures.
Common names of well known parts of the human body, from top to
bottom:
-
Head –
Forehead –
Jaw –
Cheek
– Chin
- Neck –
Shoulder
- Arm
–
Elbow –
Wrist
– Hand
–
Finger –
Thumb
-
Spine –
Chest –
Thorax
-
Abdomen –
Groin
-
Hip –
Buttocks –
Leg –
Thigh
– Knee
–
Calf –
Heel –
Ankle
– Foot
– Toe
-
Eye, ear,
nose,
mouth,
teeth,
tongue,
throat,
adam's apple,
breast,
penis,
scrotum,
clitoris,
vulva,
navel
are also superficial structures.
See also
References
External links
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