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WIKIBOOKS
DISPONIBILI
?????????

ART
- Great Painters
BUSINESS&LAW
- Accounting
- Fundamentals of Law
- Marketing
- Shorthand
CARS
- Concept Cars
GAMES&SPORT
- Videogames
- The World of Sports

COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY
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- Free Software
- Google
- My Computer

- PHP Language and Applications
- Wikipedia
- Windows Vista

EDUCATION
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LITERATURE
- Masterpieces of English Literature
LINGUISTICS
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- English Dictionaries
- The English Language

MEDICINE
- Medical Emergencies
- The Theory of Memory
MUSIC&DANCE
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- Dances
- Microphones
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SCIENCE
- Batteries
- Nanotechnology
LIFESTYLE
- Cosmetics
- Diets
- Vegetarianism and Veganism
TRADITIONS
- Christmas Traditions
NATURE
- Animals

- Fruits And Vegetables



ARTICLES IN THE BOOK

  1. ACNielsen
  2. Advertising
  3. Affiliate marketing
  4. Ambush marketing
  5. Barriers to entry
  6. Barter
  7. Billboard
  8. Brainstorming
  9. Brand
  10. Brand blunder
  11. Brand equity
  12. Brand management
  13. Break even analysis
  14. Break even point
  15. Business model
  16. Business plan
  17. Business-to-business
  18. Buyer leverage
  19. Buying
  20. Buying center
  21. Buy one, get one free
  22. Call centre
  23. Cannibalization
  24. Capitalism
  25. Case studies
  26. Celebrity branding
  27. Chain letter
  28. Co-marketing
  29. Commodity
  30. Consumer
  31. Convenience store
  32. Co-promotion
  33. Corporate branding
  34. Corporate identity
  35. Corporate image
  36. Corporate Visual Identity Management
  37. Customer
  38. Customer satisfaction
  39. Customer service
  40. Database marketing
  41. Data mining
  42. Data warehouse
  43. Defensive marketing warfare strategies
  44. Demographics
  45. Department store
  46. Design
  47. Designer label
  48. Diffusion of innovations
  49. Direct marketing
  50. Distribution
  51. Diversification
  52. Dominance strategies
  53. Duopoly
  54. Economics
  55. Economies of scale
  56. Efficient markets hypothesis
  57. Entrepreneur
  58. Family branding
  59. Financial market
  60. Five and dime
  61. Focus group
  62. Focus strategy
  63. Free markets
  64. Free price system
  65. Global economy
  66. Good
  67. Haggling
  68. Halo effect
  69. Imperfect competition
  70. Internet marketing
  71. Logo
  72. Mail order
  73. Management
  74. Market
  75. Market economy
  76. Market form
  77. Marketing
  78. Marketing management
  79. Marketing mix
  80. Marketing orientation
  81. Marketing plan
  82. Marketing research
  83. Marketing strategy
  84. Marketplace
  85. Market research
  86. Market segment
  87. Market share
  88. Market system
  89. Market trends
  90. Mass customization
  91. Mass production
  92. Matrix scheme
  93. Media event
  94. Mind share
  95. Monopolistic competition
  96. Monopoly
  97. Monopsony
  98. Multi-level marketing
  99. Natural monopoly
  100. News conference
  101. Nielsen Ratings
  102. Oligopoly
  103. Oligopsony
  104. Online marketing
  105. Opinion poll
  106. Participant observation
  107. Perfect competition
  108. Personalized marketing
  109. Photo opportunity
  110. Planning
  111. Positioning
  112. Press kit
  113. Price points
  114. Pricing
  115. Problem solving
  116. Product
  117. Product differentiation
  118. Product lifecycle
  119. Product Lifecycle Management
  120. Product line
  121. Product management
  122. Product marketing
  123. Product placement
  124. Profit
  125. Promotion
  126. Prototyping
  127. Psychographic
  128. Publicity
  129. Public relations
  130. Pyramid scheme
  131. Qualitative marketing research
  132. Qualitative research
  133. Quantitative marketing research
  134. Questionnaire construction
  135. Real-time pricing
  136. Relationship marketing
  137. Retail
  138. Retail chain
  139. Retail therapy
  140. Risk
  141. Sales
  142. Sales promotion
  143. Service
  144. Services marketing
  145. Slogan
  146. Spam
  147. Strategic management
  148. Street market
  149. Supply and demand
  150. Supply chain
  151. Supply Chain Management
  152. Sustainable competitive advantage
  153. Tagline
  154. Target market
  155. Team building
  156. Telemarketing
  157. Testimonials
  158. Time to market
  159. Trade advertisement
  160. Trademark
  161. Unique selling proposition
  162. Value added


 

 
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    ENGLISHGRATIS.COM è un sito personale di
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    Roberto Casiraghi           
    INFORMATIVA SULLA PRIVACY              Crystal Jones


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MARKETING
This article is from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duopoly

All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License 

Duopoly

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

A true duopoly is a form of oligopoly where only two producers exist in a market. In reality, this definition is generally eased whereby two firms must only have dominant control over a market. In the field of industrial organization, it is the most commonly studied form of oligopoly due to its simplicity.

Duopoly Models in Economics

There are two principal duopoly models, Cournot duopoly and Bertrand duopoly:

  • The Cournot model, shows that two firms assume each others output and treat this as a fixed amount, and produce in their own firm according to this.
  • The Bertrand model, in which, in a game of two firms, each one of them will assume that the other will not change prices in response to its price cuts. When both firms use this logic, they will reach a Nash Equilibrium.

Politics

Modern American politics has been described as a duopoly since the Republican and Democratic parties have dominated and framed policy debate as well as the public discourse on matters of national concern for about a century and a half. Third Parties have encountered various obstacles to getting onto ballots at different levels of government, more so in recent decades.

See List of political parties in the United States for a more comprehensive look at the politics of the Two-party system, Duverger's law.

Examples in business

  • Moody's vs S&P in Ratings market
  • Pepsi vs Coca-Cola in soft drink market
  • Gillette vs Schick in razor-blade market
  • Airbus vs Boeing in commercial jet aircraft market
  • Sotheby's vs. Christie's in diamond auctions
  • Marvel Comics vs. DC Comics in comic books
  • Sirius vs. XM in the satellite radio market
  • Intel vs. AMD in the Microprocessor market
  • The local cable company vs. the local telephone company in residential broadband Internet access
  • Vodafone vs. Mobinil in the Egyptian mobile market
  • Telecom vs. Vodafone in the New Zealand mobile market
  • Kodak vs. Fujifilm in motion picture film stock market
  • K-Kauppa vs. S-Group in the Finnish supermarket market (joinly they control 75% of supermarket market)
  • Foodstuffs and Progressive Enterprises in the New Zealand supermarket market (joinly they control 90% of supermarket market)
  • NVIDIA vs ATI in the mainstream Graphics card market.

Broadcasting

Duopoly is also used in the broadcast television and radio industry, referring to a single company owning two outlets in the same city. This usage is technically incompatible with the definition of the word, inasmuch as there are generally more than two owners of broadcast television stations markets with duopolies. In the United States, this has been frowned upon when using public airwaves, as it gives too much influence to one company. In Canada, this definition is more commonly called a "twinstick".

See also concentration of media ownership.

Examples in American television

  • Cleveland, Ohio, USA: WOIO-CBS 19 and WUAB-MNTV 43 (Raycom Media)
  • Dayton, Ohio: WKEF-ABC 22 and WRGT-Fox 45 (Sinclair Broadcast Group)
  • Buffalo, New York: WIVB-CBS 4 and WNLO-The CW (LIN TV)
  • Buffalo, New York: WUTV-FOX 29 and WNYO-MNTV] (Sinclair Broadcast Group)
  • Raleigh, North Carolina: WRAL-CBS 5 and WRAZ-FOX 50 (Capitol Broadcasting)
  • Raleigh, North Carolina: WLFL-The CW 22 and WRDC-MNTV 28 (Sinclair Broadcast Group)
  • Washington, DC: WTTG-FOX 5 and WDCA-MNTV 20 (Fox Television Stations Group)
  • New Orleans: WNOL-The CW 38 and WGNO ABC 26 (Tribune Broadcasting)
  • Norfolk, Virginia: WAVY-NBC 10 and WVBT FOX 43 (LIN TV)
  • New York, New York: WWOR-TV - MNTV 9 and WNYW - Fox 5 (Fox Television Stations Group)
  • Boston, Massachusetts: WBZ-CBS 4 and WSBK- IND (CBS Corporation)
  • Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota: KSTP-TV-ABC 5 and KSTC-IND 45 (Hubbard Broadcasting)
  • Salisbury, Maryland: WBOC-TV - CBS 16 and WBOC-TV Fox DT21.2 (Draper Holdings Business Trust)
  • Denver, Colorado: KUSA-TV - NBC 9 and KTVD MNTV 20 (Gannett)
  • Los Angeles, California: KCBS-TV and KCAL IND 9 (CBS Television), KNBC and KVEA (NBC Universal), and KTTV and KCOP (Fox Television Stations Group)
  • Chicago, Illinois: WFLD - FOX 32 and WPWR MNTV 50 (Fox Television Stations Group)
  • Little Rock, Arkansas: KLRT-TV - Fox 16 and KASN - The CW 38 (Clear Channel Communications (sale Pending))
  • Duluth, Minnesota: KBJR-TV 6 and KDLH-TV 3 (Granite Broadcasting Corporation)

There is a unique situation in Salt Lake City, where the NBC affiliate KSL-TV is owned by Bonneville International, and a PBS station, KBYU-TV, is owned by BYU. Both Bonneville and BYU are part of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and although they are on separate licenses, the fact that the ultimate owner is the LDS Church makes these stations a duopoly in a way.

See also

  • Monopoly
  • Triopoly
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duopoly"