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LA GRAMMATICA DI ENGLISH GRATIS IN VERSIONE MOBILE   INFORMATIVA PRIVACY

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WIKIBOOKS
DISPONIBILI
?????????

ART
- Great Painters
BUSINESS&LAW
- Accounting
- Fundamentals of Law
- Marketing
- Shorthand
CARS
- Concept Cars
GAMES&SPORT
- Videogames
- The World of Sports

COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY
- Blogs
- Free Software
- Google
- My Computer

- PHP Language and Applications
- Wikipedia
- Windows Vista

EDUCATION
- Education
LITERATURE
- Masterpieces of English Literature
LINGUISTICS
- American English

- English Dictionaries
- The English Language

MEDICINE
- Medical Emergencies
- The Theory of Memory
MUSIC&DANCE
- The Beatles
- Dances
- Microphones
- Musical Notation
- Music Instruments
SCIENCE
- Batteries
- Nanotechnology
LIFESTYLE
- Cosmetics
- Diets
- Vegetarianism and Veganism
TRADITIONS
- Christmas Traditions
NATURE
- Animals

- Fruits And Vegetables



ARTICLES IN THE BOOK

  1. ACNielsen
  2. Advertising
  3. Affiliate marketing
  4. Ambush marketing
  5. Barriers to entry
  6. Barter
  7. Billboard
  8. Brainstorming
  9. Brand
  10. Brand blunder
  11. Brand equity
  12. Brand management
  13. Break even analysis
  14. Break even point
  15. Business model
  16. Business plan
  17. Business-to-business
  18. Buyer leverage
  19. Buying
  20. Buying center
  21. Buy one, get one free
  22. Call centre
  23. Cannibalization
  24. Capitalism
  25. Case studies
  26. Celebrity branding
  27. Chain letter
  28. Co-marketing
  29. Commodity
  30. Consumer
  31. Convenience store
  32. Co-promotion
  33. Corporate branding
  34. Corporate identity
  35. Corporate image
  36. Corporate Visual Identity Management
  37. Customer
  38. Customer satisfaction
  39. Customer service
  40. Database marketing
  41. Data mining
  42. Data warehouse
  43. Defensive marketing warfare strategies
  44. Demographics
  45. Department store
  46. Design
  47. Designer label
  48. Diffusion of innovations
  49. Direct marketing
  50. Distribution
  51. Diversification
  52. Dominance strategies
  53. Duopoly
  54. Economics
  55. Economies of scale
  56. Efficient markets hypothesis
  57. Entrepreneur
  58. Family branding
  59. Financial market
  60. Five and dime
  61. Focus group
  62. Focus strategy
  63. Free markets
  64. Free price system
  65. Global economy
  66. Good
  67. Haggling
  68. Halo effect
  69. Imperfect competition
  70. Internet marketing
  71. Logo
  72. Mail order
  73. Management
  74. Market
  75. Market economy
  76. Market form
  77. Marketing
  78. Marketing management
  79. Marketing mix
  80. Marketing orientation
  81. Marketing plan
  82. Marketing research
  83. Marketing strategy
  84. Marketplace
  85. Market research
  86. Market segment
  87. Market share
  88. Market system
  89. Market trends
  90. Mass customization
  91. Mass production
  92. Matrix scheme
  93. Media event
  94. Mind share
  95. Monopolistic competition
  96. Monopoly
  97. Monopsony
  98. Multi-level marketing
  99. Natural monopoly
  100. News conference
  101. Nielsen Ratings
  102. Oligopoly
  103. Oligopsony
  104. Online marketing
  105. Opinion poll
  106. Participant observation
  107. Perfect competition
  108. Personalized marketing
  109. Photo opportunity
  110. Planning
  111. Positioning
  112. Press kit
  113. Price points
  114. Pricing
  115. Problem solving
  116. Product
  117. Product differentiation
  118. Product lifecycle
  119. Product Lifecycle Management
  120. Product line
  121. Product management
  122. Product marketing
  123. Product placement
  124. Profit
  125. Promotion
  126. Prototyping
  127. Psychographic
  128. Publicity
  129. Public relations
  130. Pyramid scheme
  131. Qualitative marketing research
  132. Qualitative research
  133. Quantitative marketing research
  134. Questionnaire construction
  135. Real-time pricing
  136. Relationship marketing
  137. Retail
  138. Retail chain
  139. Retail therapy
  140. Risk
  141. Sales
  142. Sales promotion
  143. Service
  144. Services marketing
  145. Slogan
  146. Spam
  147. Strategic management
  148. Street market
  149. Supply and demand
  150. Supply chain
  151. Supply Chain Management
  152. Sustainable competitive advantage
  153. Tagline
  154. Target market
  155. Team building
  156. Telemarketing
  157. Testimonials
  158. Time to market
  159. Trade advertisement
  160. Trademark
  161. Unique selling proposition
  162. Value added


 

 
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    ENGLISHGRATIS.COM è un sito personale di
    Roberto Casiraghi e Crystal Jones
    email: robertocasiraghi at iol punto it

    Roberto Casiraghi           
    INFORMATIVA SULLA PRIVACY              Crystal Jones


    Siti amici:  Lonweb Daisy Stories English4Life Scuolitalia
    Sito segnalato da INGLESE.IT

 
 



MARKETING
This article is from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sales

All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License 

Sales

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

Sales, or the activity of selling, forms an integral part of commercial activity. It could be argued that it is the cornerstone of business as it is the meeting of buyers and sellers and all other areas of business has the goal of making that meeting successful. Mastering sales is considered by many as some sort of persuading "art". On the contrary, the methodological approach of selling refers to it as a systematic process of repetitive and measurable milestones, by which a salesperson relates his offering enabling the buyer to visualize how to achieve his goal in an economic way.

`Selling' is the heart beat of any business. No business can function without professional sales people. Dubious selling practices may occasionally result in a sale if the customer is particularly gullible. But it is arguable that, even then, only good marketing, great quality of product along with sales follow up (which encompasses a far wider range of skills, with an almost diametrically opposed motivation) 'will lead the customer to buy again from the same company '. Organizations seldom profit from single purchases made by first-time customers. Normally they rely on repeat business to generate the profit that they need. However, there are some industries which have a business model based on one time only sales relationship. These tend to be the sale of very expensive, unusual household products such as houses and new and used cars.

The economic reason for this behaviour is that these items are usually unique. A customer is buying a product because of that product's features and benefits along with their emotional attachment or feeling about the product. These can be slightly influenced by the salesperson, however, the sales person knows that the same item cannot be resold to the same customer again at a later date. They also know that the customer is unlikely to buy a similar product for a long time, and so has no incentive to offer any extra quality of service to encourage a long-term relationship. This behaviour is generally true only of business-to-consumer sales. Business-to-business sales are much more relationship based owing to the lack of emotional attachment to the products in question.

Selling is a practical implementation of marketing; it often forms a separate grouping in a corporate structure, employing separate specialist operatives known as salespersons (singular: salesperson).

The successful questioning to understand a customer's goal, the further creation of a valuable solution by communicating the necessary information that encourages a buyer to achieve his goal at an economic cost is the responsibility of the sales person or the sales engine (e.g. internet, vending machine etc).

The primary function of professional sales is to generate and close leads, educate prospects, fill needs and satisfy wants of consumers appropriately, and therefore turn prospective customers into actual ones.

From a marketing point of view, selling is one of the methods of promotion used by marketers. Other promotional techniques include advertising, sales promotion, publicity, and public relations.

Various sales strategies exist, such as tit-for-tat which is best if ongoing dealings and interactions are expected. This insight is behind so-called consultative sales process which are used by Saturn to sell cars, as well as for some direct Business-to-Business sales.

Several types of sales exist including direct, consultative, and complex sales. Complex sales varies from other types in that the customer plays a more pro-active role, often requiring proposal response to their Request for Proposal (RFP).

Accounting

This term is also encountered in accounting, and is sometimes used as a rough equivalent of the more commonly accepted term revenue.

Forms of Sale Activity

The term sales includes many activities. Some of the various modes of selling include:

  • Direct Sales - involving face-to-face contact
    • retail or consumer
    • door-to-door or travelling salesman
    • party plan
  • Industrial/Professional Sales - selling from one business to another
    • business-to-business
  • Indirect - human-mediated but with indirect contact
    • telemarketing or telesales
    • mail-order
  • Electronic
    • web B2B, B2C
    • EDI
  • Agency-based
    • consignment
    • multi-level marketing
    • sales agents (real estate, manufacturing)
    • proforma sales

Types of sales include:

  • Transaction sales
  • Consultative sales
  • Complex sales

Sales theories

Many sales theories exist, most ultimately developed through the science of meta-semantics.

Qualities of a Good Salesperson

Humble, Outgoing, Sincere, Honest, and Tenacious are the key traits of the best sales people. As a sales person - you must be humble. If you don't know an answer to a customers question, don't imply that you do. However be honest, yet tenacious enough to find out the correct answer and provide a service to the customer. Tenacious also means not taking "no" for an answer, and overcoming obstacles that stop the customer from saying yes. All motives must be sincere and key to the customers needs. A good sales person is not afraid to talk to anyone who may have an interest in what he/she is selling. Listening and controlling the conversation by asking intelligent, thought provoking, interesting questions that are open ended and gather information is another key trait to successful selling. Also, eye contact, standing straight and smiling are important for an effective impression towards someone who is spending their hard earned money. (Talk about sales; 2006 Dana W. Clarke Jr.)

There is a misunderstanding that a good salesperson has 'the gift of the gab' where as most trained sales people will have heard the saying 'You have one mouth and two ears, use them in that proportion'. A good sales person is a listener. They ask plenty of questions, and make notes of the answers. These notes (mental or written) help them find a suitable product or service for the potential customer. A successful sale is when the customer agrees with that solution.

Many salespeople are unable to sell to their potential customer because of their own misunderstanding of their potential customers' needs. They are able to listen to the answers, but misunderstand that the customer doesn't have the same goals as they. Many sales people worry about the price of their goods compared to the competiton. Customers, unlike the sales people, are unaware of the prices of non commodity goods and are willing to pay what they believe is a fair price (usually slightly below the market price) for these goods. It is only when a sales person, or a third party introduces doubt into the mind of the customer, that price becomes an issue.

Many successful salespeople have a deep understanding of human behaviour and are able to use these skills to their advantage. They are aware that, although there is a process for successfully completing a sale, customers fall into a range of different personality types. For instance, a sales person would have to deal with a teacher in a totally different manner to how they would deal with a businessperson. This is because the two sets of people have a different outlook on life and would therefore have different qualities which would be important to them. This is the reason they chose different career paths in the first place!

Most of the top sales people are very good at managing themselves and having a good work ethic. They understand that if they do not do the work, think creatively and use their skills to their potential, they will not hit their targets and earn the income they seek. Those who do blame outside forces are usually the ones who do not have a long career in sales.

Socialist Critique of sales

In capitalist apologetics, the purpose of selling is to help a customer realize his or her goals in an economic fashion. This assumption neglects the fact that buyer and seller may not have the same interests. Even if the organization can be supposed to recognize that its sustainability depends on the maintenance of a healthy symbiosis with repeat customers, the salesperson does not necessarily share that goal. Many sales professionals are characterized by their short-term goals, a desire quick returns on effort, and not the long-term building of relationships that the most successful sales people undertake.

Take for example the purchasing of a car: a consumer may have a set of cars in mind (called an evoked set) that she feels match her needs, wants and budget. She may seek the advice of a salesperson given that a salesperson can help her realize the right car given those criteria. This can be a socially useful function; salespeople have specialized knowledge of products that can help consumers make an informed decision. However, a salesperson may also talk a consumer into purchasing a more expensive or perhaps larger car then she needs or can afford. In this context, the salesperson may have usefully helped the customer re-evaluate her needs, thereby establishing a new set of appropriate choices among which included the newer or large car. This again would be a helpful and useful service provided by the salesperson. However, it is sometimes the case that customers purchase a product or service that was not initially intended and remains an inappropriate purchase after the fact. Although the consumer in this scenario can be held partially responsible for the inappropriate purchase ("A fool and his money are soon parted." - P.T. Barnum), it ignores the fact that someone chooses to attempt the parting, rather than educating the "fool".

This dysfunctional behaviour is encouraged by:

  • incentives of salespeople to increase their total number of sales, especially where retailers keep track of sales or offer commission-based salaries
  • incentives from the manufactures of products or the companies of service providers to salespeople to sell their products where other similar products offered by competitors are offered
  • the incentive to sell a customer a product that is in need of being cleared out, despite the fact that a customer may be better to wait for the new product.

Successful/Famous Salespeople

  • Max Hess
  • James A. Farley
  • Joe Girard
  • Howard P. Stevens
  • Gerhard Gschwandtner
  • Conrad N. Hilton
  • JR "Bob" Dobbs
  • Ross Perot
  • Dalena Nichols
  • Diego G. Mazzone
  • Winthrop Smith
  • Tom Hopkins
  • Jim Jones
  • Tom Pounder
  • Zig Ziglar
  • "Diamond" Jim Brady
  • Mike Bosworth
  • Neil Rackham
  • Ed McMahon

Etymology (Word Origin)

The word sala (a sale) is old English and was acquired from old Norse (sala). The term was first used as a reference of a discounted price was first used in 1866.

See also

  • Contract of sale
  • List of Marketing Topics
  • Marketing
  • Permission marketing
  • Promotion
  • Sales techniques
  • Borderless Selling
  • Vendor-independent solutions provider

Compare

  • Trade
  • Merchant
  • Detailmen
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sales"