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LA GRAMMATICA DI ENGLISH GRATIS IN VERSIONE MOBILE   INFORMATIVA PRIVACY

  NUOVA SEZIONE ELINGUE

 

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                                         IL Metodo  |  Grammatica  |  RISPOSTE GRAMMATICALI  |  Multiblog  |  INSEGNARE AGLI ADULTI  |  INSEGNARE AI BAMBINI  |  AudioBooks  |  RISORSE SFiziosE  |  Articoli  |  Tips  | testi pAralleli  |  VIDEO SOTTOTITOLATI
                                                                                         ESERCIZI :   Serie 1 - 2 - 3  - 4 - 5  SERVIZI:   Pronunciatore di inglese - Dizionario - Convertitore IPA/UK - IPA/US - Convertitore di valute in lire ed euro                                              

 

 

WIKIBOOKS
DISPONIBILI
?????????

ART
- Great Painters
BUSINESS&LAW
- Accounting
- Fundamentals of Law
- Marketing
- Shorthand
CARS
- Concept Cars
GAMES&SPORT
- Videogames
- The World of Sports

COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY
- Blogs
- Free Software
- Google
- My Computer

- PHP Language and Applications
- Wikipedia
- Windows Vista

EDUCATION
- Education
LITERATURE
- Masterpieces of English Literature
LINGUISTICS
- American English

- English Dictionaries
- The English Language

MEDICINE
- Medical Emergencies
- The Theory of Memory
MUSIC&DANCE
- The Beatles
- Dances
- Microphones
- Musical Notation
- Music Instruments
SCIENCE
- Batteries
- Nanotechnology
LIFESTYLE
- Cosmetics
- Diets
- Vegetarianism and Veganism
TRADITIONS
- Christmas Traditions
NATURE
- Animals

- Fruits And Vegetables


ARTICLES IN THE BOOK

  1. Answers.com
  2. Bliki
  3. Blocking of Wikipedia in mainland China
  4. Blog
  5. Bomis
  6. Citizendium
  7. Collaborative editing
  8. Collaborative real-time editor
  9. Collaborative software
  10. Collaborative writing
  11. Comparison of wiki software
  12. Corporate wiki
  13. Creative Commons
  14. Enciclopedia Libre
  15. Encyclopaedia Britannica
  16. Ensemble collaboration
  17. FileReplacement
  18. Free content
  19. GNU Free Documentation License
  20. GNUpedia
  21. History of Wikipedia
  22. International Music Score Library Project
  23. InterWiki
  24. IP address
  25. Italian Wikipedia
  26. Jimmy Wales
  27. John Seigenthaler Sr. Wikipedia biography controversy
  28. Larry Sanger
  29. Lexipedia
  30. List of wikis
  31. List of wiki software
  32. Living Platform
  33. LyricWiki
  34. Nupedia
  35. Open Site
  36. Peer review
  37. Peer-to-peer wiki
  38. Personal wiki
  39. Placeopedia
  40. Reliability of Wikipedia
  41. Semapedia
  42. SourceWatch
  43. Structured wiki
  44. TWiki
  45. Uncyclopedia
  46. Unilang
  47. Wapedia
  48. Wiki
  49. Wikia
  50. Wikibooks
  51. Wikifonia
  52. Wikijunior
  53. Wikileaks
  54. Wikimapia
  55. Wikimedia Commons
  56. Wikimedia Foundation
  57. Wikinews
  58. Wikinfo
  59. Wikipedia
  60. 2006 Wikipedia CD Selection
  61. Wikipedia in popular culture
  62. Wikiquote
  63. Wiki software
  64. Wikisource
  65. Wikispecies
  66. Wikitext
  67. Wikitravel
  68. Wikiversity
  69. WikiWax
  70. Wikiweise
  71. WikiZnanie
  72. Wikocracy
  73. Wiktionary

 

 



WIKIPEDIA, THE FREE ENCYCLOPAEDIA
This article is from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_software

All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License 

Collaborative software

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

Collaborative software is software designed to help people involved in a common task achieve their goals. Collaborative software is the basis for computer supported cooperative work.

Such software systems as email, calendaring, text chat, wiki belong in this category. It has been suggested that Metcalfe's law — the more people who use something, the more valuable it becomes — applies to such software.

The more general term social software applies to systems used outside the workplace, for example, online dating services and social networks like Friendster. The study of computer-supported collaboration includes the study of this software and social phenomena associated with it. These are covered in other articles.

Overview

Collaboration, with respect to information technology, seems to have several definitions. Some are defensible but others are so broad they lose any meaningful application. Understanding the differences in human interactions is necessary to ensure the appropriate technologies are employed to meet interaction needs.

There are three primary ways in which humans interact: conversations, transactions, and collaborations.

Conversational interaction is an exchange of information between two or more participants where the primary purpose of the interaction is discovery or relationship building. There is no central entity around which the interaction revolves but is a free exchange of information with no defined constraints. Communication technology such as telephones, instant messaging, and e-mail are generally sufficient for conversational interactions.

Transactional interaction involves the exchange of transaction entities where a major function of the transaction entity is to alter the relationship between participants. The transaction entity is in a relatively stable form and constrains or defines the new relationship. One participant exchanges money for goods and becomes a customer. Transactional interactions are most effectively handled by transactional systems that manage state and commit records for persistent storage.

In collaborative interactions the main function of the participants' relationship is to alter a collaboration entity (i.e., the converse of transactional). The collaboration entity is in a relatively unstable form. Examples include the development of an idea, the creation of a design, the achievement of a shared goal. Therefore, real collaboration technologies deliver the functionality for many participants to augment a common deliverable. Record or document management, threaded discussions, audit history, and other mechanisms designed to capture the efforts of many into a managed content environment are typical of collaboration technologies.

An extension of groupware is collaborative media, software that allows several concurrent users to create and manage information in a website. Collaborative media models include wiki (Comparison of wiki software) and Slashdot models. Some sites with publicly accessible content based on collaborative software are: WikiWikiWeb, Wikipedia and Everything2. By method used we can divide them in:

  • Web-based collaborative tools
  • Software collaborative tools

By area served we can divide them in:

  • Knowledge management tools
  • Knowledge creation tools
  • Information sharing tools
  • Collaborative project management tools

The Three levels of collaboration

Groupware can be divided into three categories depending on the level of collaboration—communication tools, conferencing tools and collaborative management (Co-ordination) tools.

Electronic communication tools

Electronic communication tools send messages, files, data, or documents between people and hence facilitate the sharing of information. Examples include:

  • synchronous conferencing
  • e-mail
  • Instant Messaging
  • faxing
  • voice mail
  • Wikis
  • Web publishing

Electronic conferencing tools

Electronic conferencing tools facilitate the sharing of information, but in a more interactive way. Examples include:

  • Internet forums (also known as message boards or discussion boards) — a virtual discussion platform to facilitate and manage online text messages
  • Online chat — a virtual discussion platform to facilitate and manage real-time text messages
  • Telephony — telephones allow users to interact
  • Video conferencing — networked PCs share video and audio signals
  • Data conferencing — networked PCs share a common whiteboard that each user can modify
  • Application sharing — users can access a shared document or application from their respective computers simultaneously in real time
  • Electronic meeting systems (EMS) — a conferencing system built into a room. The special purpose room will usually contain a large video projector interlinked with numerous PCs.

Collaborative management tools

Collaborative management tools facilitate and manage group activities. Examples include:

  • electronic calendars (also called time management software) — schedule events and automatically notify and remind group members
  • project management systems — schedule, track, and chart the steps in a project as it is being completed
  • workflow systems — collaborative management of tasks and documents within a knowledge-based business process
  • knowledge management systems — collect, organize, manage, and share various forms of information
  • extranet systems (sometimes also known as 'project extranets') — collect, organize, manage and share information associated with the delivery of a project (eg: the construction of a building)
  • social software systems — organize social relations of groups
  • online spreadsheets — collaborate and share structured data and information

Collaborative software can be either web based (such as UseModWiki or Scoop), or desktop systems (such as CVS or RCS).

Implementation

The biggest hurdle in implementing groupware is convincing people to use it. Training is required to make people comfortable using it, and if people don't feel comfortable with the software, they won't use it. Employees should be given incentives to contribute: the rewards could be either financial or psychological.

In many cases collaboration is at odds with the company's corporate culture so implementation will be disruptive. Shifting a corporate culture from being competitive to being cooperative is no small undertaking. It will require changes at all levels of the organization, including the CEO.

One of the biggest hurdles is the typical large enterprise desire to standardise knowledge practice across that enterprise and to implement tools and processes which support that aim. Much greater value and quicker implementation can be achieved by avoidance of the "one size fits all" meme. Driving people to adopt the same active role (for example: contribution measured by number of uploads) only produces the behaviour driven by the metric - "the game exists of the rules by which it is played". Cultivate the practice of collaboration where it flourishes of its own volition to gain the quickest return.

Voting methods

Voting has many uses in collaboration software. Condorcet voting offers input from multiple experts or perspectives and may reduce intransitivity problems in decision making. In recommendation systems, rating or voting on many items can be used to formulate profiles for highly successful recommendations; and in document collaboration, such as Wikipedia, voting methods help to guide the creation of new pages.

Use of voting to order lists of sections such as this one remains largely unexplored. This also pertains to collective intelligence.

See also

  • Content management system
  • Computer-supported collaboration
  • Document management system
  • Electronic business
  • Enterprise content management
  • Extranet
  • Human-based genetic algorithm
  • Information technology management
  • Intranet
  • Knowledge management
  • List of collaborative software
  • Management information systems
  • Management
  • Online consultation
  • Online deliberation
  • Organizational Memory System
  • Project management
  • Web conferencing

External links

Look up groupware in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  • Information and Collaboration Technologies (see Chapter 5): Managing Collective Intelligence, Toward a New Corporate Governance
  • Messaging & Collaboration Resource Site: MessagingTalk.org
  • The Bad In Email (or Why We Need Collaboration Software)
  • Electronic Information Exchange System (EIES) Legacy
  • What is a C.M.S?
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_software"