Interference theory

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Do you always feel like you are forgetting something? This may be due to the constant stimulation that exists in our world today. We are constantly being bombarded with new information all of which our mind cannot possible remember. Inference theory refers to the idea that forgetting occurs because the recall of certain items interferes with the recall of other items. In the late 1950s two groups of researchers published very similar methods that demonstrated the interference theory, a husband and wife team, Peterson and Peterson and another researcher, Brown.

In one study done by Peterson and Peterson participants were asked to recall trigrams (string of three letters) at different second intervals, ( 3. 6. 9 etc..) after the presentation of the last letter in the trigram. To make the trigrams impossible to pronounce the investigator used only consonants ( e.g. BWV).. The participants were asked to count backwards to allow no time for rehearsal and for the numbers to interfere with the recall of trigrams. Each of the participants was tested eight times at each of the six delay intervals which totaled to 48 trials. The percentage of recalls decays over time due to interference of the numbers they had to count backwards. From this study Peterson and Peterson concluded that short term memory exists for a few seconds if the participant does not make an active effort to retain the information.

This theory along with the decay theory have been proposed for reasons why people forget. Evidence for this theory comes from paired associate learning, as well as from Jenkins and Dallenbach's (1924) experiment where they researched forgetting in two students over the period of eight hours.

Contents 1 Types 1.1 Proactive interference 1.2 Retroactive interference 1.3 Output interference 1.4 References

Types

According to the theory there are three kinds of interference: proactive interference, retroactive interference and output interference.

Proactive interference

Proactive interference occurs when previous learning interferes with new learning. For example, if you were to reorganize your kitchen, you would search in the places your cooking object was before the reorganization (out of habit so to speak) as opposed to where it is currently.

Retroactive interference

Retroactive interference is new learning disrupting your previous learning. For example, if you were to be conditioned that 6+1=5, your previous learning would be interfered with by new learning, and you would have difficulty trying to remember that 6+1=7 and not 5.The Brown-Peterson task mentioned above is another example of retroactive interference.

Output interference

Output interference occurs when the "activity of retrieving, ITSELF", interferes with the retrieval of the actual information needed in the first place. Primarily, this is caused by the limited capacity of the short-term memory.

 

References

Sternberg, Robert J. (2006). Cognitive psychology fourth edition. Thomson Wadsworth, 219. ISBN 0534514219.