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DISPONIBILI
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ARTICLES IN THE BOOK

  1. Active recall
  2. Alzheimer's disease
  3. Amnesia
  4. Anamonic
  5. Anterograde amnesia
  6. Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model
  7. Attention versus memory in prefrontal cortex
  8. Baddeley's Model of Working Memory
  9. Barnes maze
  10. Binding problem
  11. Body memory
  12. Cellular memory
  13. Choice-supportive bias
  14. Chunking
  15. Clive Wearing
  16. Commentarii
  17. Confabulation
  18. Cue-dependent forgetting
  19. Decay theory
  20. Declarative memory
  21. Eidetic memory
  22. Electracy
  23. Emotion and memory
  24. Encoding
  25. Engram
  26. Episodic memory
  27. Executive system
  28. Exosomatic memory
  29. Explicit memory
  30. Exposure effect
  31. Eyewitness memory reconstruction
  32. False memory
  33. False Memory Syndrome Foundation
  34. Flashbulb memory
  35. Forgetting
  36. Forgetting curve
  37. Functional fixedness
  38. Hindsight bias
  39. HM
  40. Human memory process
  41. Hyperthymesia
  42. Iconic memory
  43. Interference theory
  44. Involuntary memory
  45. Korsakoff's syndrome
  46. Lacunar amnesia
  47. Limbic system
  48. Linkword
  49. List of memory biases
  50. Long-term memory
  51. Long-term potentiation
  52. Lost in the mall technique
  53. Memory
  54. Memory and aging
  55. MemoryArchive
  56. Memory consolidation
  57. Memory distrust syndrome
  58. Memory inhibition
  59. Memory span
  60. Method of loci
  61. Mind map
  62. Mnemonic
  63. Mnemonic acronym system
  64. Mnemonic dominic system
  65. Mnemonic link system
  66. Mnemonic major system
  67. Mnemonic peg system
  68. Mnemonic room system
  69. Mnemonic verses
  70. Mnemonist
  71. Philip Staufen
  72. Phonological loop
  73. Picture superiority effect
  74. Piphilology
  75. Positivity effect
  76. Procedural memory
  77. Prospective memory
  78. Recollection
  79. Repressed memory
  80. Retrograde amnesia
  81. Retrospective memory
  82. Rosy retrospection
  83. Self-referential encoding
  84. Sensory memory
  85. Seven Meta Patterns
  86. Shass pollak
  87. Short-term memory
  88. Source amnesia
  89. Spaced repetition
  90. SuperMemo
  91. Synthetic memory
  92. Tally sticks
  93. Testing effect
  94. Tetris effect
  95. The Courage to Heal
  96. The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two
  97. Tip of the tongue
  98. Visual memory
  99. Visual short term memory
  100. Visuospatial sketchpad
  101. VTrain
  102. Working memory


 

 
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THE THEORY OF MEMORY
This article is from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piphilology

All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License 

Piphilology

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

Piphilology comprises the creation and use of mnemonic techniques to remember a span of digits of the mathematical constant π. The word is a play on Pi itself and the linguistic field of philology. Even before computers calculated π, memorizing a record number of digits became an obsession for some people. The current world record is 100,000 decimal places, set on October 3, 2006 by Akira Haraguchi.

There are many ways to memorise π, including the use of piems, which are poems that represent π in a way such that the length of each word (in letters) represents a digit. Here is an example of a piem: How I need a drink, alcoholic of course, after the heavy lectures involving quantum mechanics. Notice how the first word has 3 letters, the second word has 1, the third has 4, the fourth =has 1, the fifth has 5, and so on. The Cadaeic Cadenza contains the first 3834 digits of π in this manner. However, piems prove inefficient for large memorizations of pi. Other methods include remembering "patterns" in the numbers (for instance, the "year" 1971 appears in the first fifty digits of pi).

History

Recent decades have seen a surge in the record number of digits memorized.
Recent decades have seen a surge in the record number of digits memorized.

Until the 20th century, the number of digits of pi which mathematicians had had the stamina to calculate by hand remained in the hundreds, so that memorization of all known digits at the time was possible. [1] In 1949 a computer was used to calculate π to 2000 places, presenting one the earliest opportunities for a difficult challenge.

Subsequent computers calculated pi to extraordinary numbers of digits (more than a trillion as of 2006), and people began memorizing more and more of the output. The world record for the number of digits memorized has exploded since mid-century, and stands at 100,000 as of October 2006. [2] The previous record (83,431) was set by the same person (Akira Haraguchi) on July 2, 2005[3], and the record previous to that (42,195) was held by Hiroyuki Goto.

Examples in English

The most common mnemonic technique is to memorize a sentence in which the number of letters in each word is equal to the corresponding digit of π. The most famous example has several variations, including:

(1) How I want a drink, alcoholic of course, after the heavy lectures involving quantum mechanics!
(2) How I need a drink, alcoholic in nature, after the tough chapters involving quantum mechanics!


Short mnemonics such at these, of course, do not take one very far down π's infinite road. Rather, they are intended more as amusing doggerel. If even less accuracy suffices, the following examples can be used:

(1) How I wish I could recollect pi easily today!
(2) Can I have a large container of coffee? Thank you.

This second one gives the value of π as 3.141592653, although 3.141592654 is a more correct figure. Indeed, many published piems use truncation instead of one of the several roundings, thereby producing a less accurate result when the first omitted digit is greater than or equal to 5. It should however be noted that it is advantageous to use truncation in memorising if the individual intends to study more places later on.

Another mnemonic is:

The point I said a blind Bulgarian in France would know

In this mnemonic the word "point" represents the decimal point itself.

Longer mnemonics employ the same concept. This example created by Peter M. Brigham, can be used for 21 or fewer digits:

How I wish I could enumerate pi easily, since all these bullshit mnemonics prevent recalling any of pi's sequence more simply.


Another, more poetic 30 digit version is:

Sir, I send a rhyme excelling,
In sacred truth and rigid spelling,
Numerical sprites elucidate,
For me the lexicon's dull weight,
If nature gain, not you complain
Tho' Dr Johnson fulminate.

There are minor variations on the above rhyme, which still allow pi to be worked out correctly. However, one variation replaces the word "lexicon's" with "lesson's" and in doing so, incorrectly indicates that the 18th digit is 7.


There are piphilologists who have written poems encoding hundreds of digits. This is an example of constrained writing.

Examples in other languages

French

The following statement and question consists of words each with a number of letters that yields π to 126 decimal places (3.141 592 653 589 793 238 462 643 383 279 502 884 197 169 399 375 105 820 974 944 592 307 816 406 286 208 998 628 034 825 342 117 067 982 148 086 513 282 306 647 093 844):

Que j'aime à faire apprendre ce nombre utile aux sages !
Immortel Archimède, artiste ingénieur,
Qui de ton jugement peut priser la valeur ?
Pour moi, ton problème eut de pareils avantages.
Jadis, mystérieux, un problème bloquait
Tout l'admirable procédé, l'œuvre grandiose
Que Pythagore découvrit aux anciens Grecs.
Ô quadrature ! Vieux tourment du philosophe
Insoluble rondeur, trop longtemps vous avez
Défié Pythagore et ses imitateurs.
Comment intégrer l'espace plan circulaire ?
Former un triangle auquel il équivaudra ?
Nouvelle invention : Archimède inscrira
Dedans un hexagone ; appréciera son aire
Fonction du rayon. Pas trop ne s'y tiendra :
Dédoublera chaque élément antérieur ;
Toujours de l'orbe calculée approchera ;
Définira limite ; enfin, l'arc, le limiteur
De cet inquiétant cercle, ennemi trop rebelle
Professeur, enseignez son problème avec zèle

Translation:

How I would like to learn this number useful to the wise.
Immortal Archimedes, artist, engineer,
in your opinion who could estimate its value?
...

Alternative:

Que j'aime à faire apprendre un nombre utile aux sages !
Glorieux Archimède, artiste, ingénieur,
Toi de qui Syracuse aime encore la gloire,
Soit ton nom conservé par de savants grimoires !
...

Ancient Greek

Yielding π to 22 decimal places (3,1415926535897932384626):

Αεί ο Θεός ο Μέγας γεωμετρεί,
το κύκλου μήκος ίνα ορίση διαμέτρω,
παρήγαγεν αριθμόν απέραντον,
καί όν, φεύ, ουδέποτε όλον θνητοί θα εύρωσι

If the reader's computer does not have the fonts necessary to render the above, here is a graphic version:

Image:Pipoem.gif

Translation:

The great God always uses Geometry;
So that he could define the perimeter of the circle using its diameter,
He produced a never ending number which mortals,
Unfortunately, will never define in its entirety.

Spanish

in Argentina surged the following Piem:

Fue y cayó. Y queda solamente la inútil cifra con pocos destinos poderosos, tristes devenires sin el más sencillo bien. Idiota, re idiota, sabe que sus encantos son ya latosos decimales. Pobre...

Transaltion:

It was and it fell. And only the useless figure remains, with little powerful destinies, sad future without the simplest goodness. Idiot, very idiot, it knows that its charms are now boring decimals. Poor... (31 decimals, plus integer 3)

Russian

In Russian language, there is a well-known phrase in the pre-1917-reform orthography of old tradition: "Кто и шутя, и скоро пожелаетъ "Пи" узнать число - ужъ знаетъ." (The one who would wish to know the number Pi easily and quickly, already knows it.)

A more modern rhyme is:

 

A short approximation is: "Что я знаю о кругах?" (What do I know about circles?)

In addition, there are several non-folklore verses that simply rhyme the digits of Pi "as is", see the Russian wikipedia article ru:Пи.

See also

  • Feynman point
  • Cadaeic Cadenza

External links

  • Piphilology at Wikiquote
  • Andreas P. Hatzipolakis: PiPhilology. A site with hundreds of examples of π mnemonics
  • Mike Keith's World of Words & Numbers; Poe, E.: Near a Raven
  • Memorize 1000 digits of pi
  • Memorise 300 digits of pi
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piphilology"