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THE MAN IN THE IRON MASK     
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_with_the_Iron_Mask
Translated by/Traduzione di Fiammetta

 

The Man in the Iron Mask was a prisoner believed to have been held in the Bastille prison from an unknown date to his death on November 19, 1703.

The identity of this man has been thoroughly discussed, mainly because no one ever saw his face as it was hidden by a black velvet mask, which later re-tellings of the story have said to have been an iron mask.

The prisoner

The first surviving records of the masked prisoner are from July 1, 1669, when Louis XIV's minister Louvois sent a masked prisoner to the care of governor Marquis de Saint-Mars of the Pignerol prison.

Saint-Mars was ordered to take a special care of this prisoner.

He was to be kept incommunicado and Saint-Mars was told to threaten him with death if he ever tried to talk about anything else than his own personal affairs.

The prisoner was to be treated well but he had been ordered to remain silent and masked at all times.

Saint-Mars himself had been ordered to feed him.

The first rumors of the prisoner's identity (as a Marshal of France) began to circulate at this point.

Although the legend states that the prisoner wore the mask at all times, it is more probable that he was masked only during transport - such as when he was transported from prison to prison - and when there were outside guests in the prison.

Saint-Mars took the prisoner with him to his subsequent postings in l'Exiles prison and in May 1687 to the island of Sainte Marguerite.

On September 18, 1698, Saint-Mars came to take his new post as a governor of the Bastille prison, bringing the masked prisoner with him.

The prisoner was placed in a solitary cell in the pre-furnished third chamber of the Bertaudiere tower.

The prison's second-in-command, de Rosarges, was to feed him.

Most of the details of the masked man (continuous wearing of a mask and preferential treatment) come from Lieutenant du Junca of Bastille.

The prisoner died on November 19, 1703, and was buried the next day under the name of Marchioly.

All his furniture and clothing were reportedly destroyed afterwards.

Vivien de Bulonde

The fate of the mysterious prisoner - and the extent of apparent precautions his jailers took - created much interest and many legends.

However the truth emerged eventually.

In 1890 Louis Gendron, a French military historian, came across some coded letters and passed them on to Etienne Bazeries in the French Army's cryptographic department.

After three years Bazeries managed to read some messages in the Great Cypher of Louis XIV.

One of them referred to a prisoner and identified him as General Vivien de Bulonde.

One of the letters written by François de Louvois made specific reference to de Bulonde's crime.

At the siege of Cuneo, Bulonde was concerned about enemy troops arriving from Austria and ordered a hasty withdrawal, leaving behind his munitions and wounded men.

Louis XIV was furious and in another of the letters specifically ordered him "to be conducted to the fortress at Pignerole where he will be locked in a cell and under guard at night, and permitted to walk the battlements during the day with a mask".

The dates of the letters fit the dates of the original records about the man in the mask.

Given the evidence of the letters, there is now little need of an alternative explanation for the man in the mask.

However, there were already other theories in existence and some others were propounded before the existence of the letters was widely known.

Later commentators have still presented their own theories, possibly based on embellished versions of the original tale, mixed with details from stories of other famous contemporary prisoners.

The legends and alternative theories

Contemporary claims about his identity included that he was a Marshal of France;

or Oliver Cromwell;

or Francois de Vendôme, Duc de Beaufort.

Later, many people from Voltaire to Benjamin Franklin have put forward theories about the man in the mask.

1. In 1711 the Palatine Princess Charlotte-Elizabeth of Bavaria claimed that the man was an exiled English nobleman who had been involved with the Fenwick affair to depose William III.

2. Louis XV and XVI have been attributed as saying that the prisoner was Ercole Antonio Mattioli, minister of Duke of Mantua.

Mattioli had been involved with Louis XIV's intrigues in Italy and betrayed his secret negotiations with Duke Charles III of Mantua, for the purchase of an important border fortress.

He was registered with a prison pseudonym "Lestang".

3. Voltaire claimed that the prisoner was a son of Mazarin and Anne of Austria and therefore an illegitimate older half-brother of King Louis XIV.

How serious he was is hard to say.

Alexandre Dumas used this theory in his book, The Vicomte de Bragelonne but made the prisoner a twin brother

4. In 1801 revolutionary legislator Roux Fazaillac stated that the tale of the masked prisoner was an amalgamation of the fates of two separate prisoners, Mattioli and an imprisoned valet named Eustache Dauger.

5. In 1801 there emerged a legend, probably created by supporters of Napoleon Bonaparte, that the mysterious prisoner was the real Louis XIV himself and that Cardinal Mazarin had had him replaced by a more suitable candidate.

Legend also held that he had married in prison and sired a son, who would have been taken to Corsica to become one of Napoleon's forefathers.

This was most probably an intentionally spread political rumor.

6. One theory is that Eustache Dauger was a valet of imprisoned minister Nicolas Fouquet, also under the guard of Saint-Mars.

(The masked man had been assigned to serve as his valet at one point.)

After Fouquet's death, the king was afraid that the servant could reveal state secrets if released, so he remained in prison for the next 23 years, until his death.

Additional rumors claimed, yet again, that Dauger was in fact twin brother of Louis XIV.

7. Andrew Lang, in his The Valet's Tragedy and Other Stories (1903), presented a theory that Eustache Dauger was a prison pseudonym of a man called Martin, valet of French Huguenot Roux de Marsilly.

After his master's execution in 1669 the valet was taken to France, possibly by capture or subterfuge, and imprisoned because he might have known too much about his master's affairs.

Dauger was later assigned to become one of Fouquet's valets in prison, the other being named La Riviere.

Dauger was still in the same prison when Mattioli arrived and he was later transferred with Saint-Mars to his next postings.

Tales about Mattioli, Dauger and some of the other prisoners would have been later merged into the story of a single one.

8. In The Man of the Mask (1908) Barnes presents James de la Cloche, the illegitimate but acknowledged son of Charles II, who would have been his father's secret intermediary with the Catholic court of France.

Louis XIV could have imprisoned him because he knew too much about French affairs with England.

9. Other suggested candidates have included James, Duke of Monmouth, Armenian patriarch Avedick and Molière. 

TESTO PARALLELO INCASELLATO
Scopri come è facile capire l'inglese se c'è a fianco la traduzione parallela incasellata!

The Man in the Iron Mask was a prisoner believed to have been held in the Bastille prison from an unknown date to his death on November 19, 1703.

L'uomo con la maschera di ferro è un prigioniero che si ritiene sia stato rinchiuso nella Bastiglia a partire da una data sconosciuta e fino a quella della sua morte, avvenuta il 19 novembre 1703.

The identity of this man has been thoroughly discussed, mainly because no one ever saw his face as it was hidden by a black velvet mask, which later re-tellings of the story have said to have been an iron mask.

L'identità di quest'uomo è stata oggetto di moltissime discussioni soprattutto perché nessuno vide mai il suo volto che era nascosto da una maschera di velluto nero che successive narrazioni della vicenda asserirono esser stata una maschera di ferro.

The prisoner

Il prigioniero

The first surviving records of the masked prisoner are from July 1, 1669, when Louis XIV's minister Louvois sent a masked prisoner to the care of governor Marquis de Saint-Mars of the Pignerol prison.

Le prime testimonianze scritte che si riferiscono al prigioniero con la maschera risalgono al 1° luglio 1669, quando Louvois, ministro di Luigi XIV, affidò un prigioniero mascherato alle cure del Marchese di Saint-Mars, governatore della prigione di Pinerolo.

Saint-Mars was ordered to take a special care of this prisoner.

A Saint-Mars era stato ordinato di prendersi cura di questo prigioniero in modo particolare.

He was to be kept incommunicado and Saint-Mars was told to threaten him with death if he ever tried to talk about anything else than his own personal affairs.

Egli doveva essere tenuto in stato di totale isolamento e a Saint-Mars fu ordinato di minacciarlo di morte se avesse mai provato a parlare di qualsiasi cosa che non fossero i propri affari personali.

The prisoner was to be treated well but he had been ordered to remain silent and masked at all times.

Il prigioniero doveva essere trattato bene ma gli era stato ordinato di rimanere sempre in silenzio e con la maschera.

Saint-Mars himself had been ordered to feed him.

Saint-Mars aveva avuto l'ordine di provvedere a nutrirlo personalmente.

The first rumors of the prisoner's identity (as a Marshal of France) began to circulate at this point.

Le prime voci sull'identità del prigioniero (si ipotizzava un Maresciallo di Francia ) cominciarono a diffondersi a questo punto.

Although the legend states that the prisoner wore the mask at all times, it is more probable that he was masked only during transport - such as when he was transported from prison to prison - and when there were outside guests in the prison.

Sebbene la leggenda affermi che il prigioniero indossava sempre la maschera, è molto più probabile che fosse mascherato solo durante i viaggi di trasferimento - come quando veniva trasferito da prigione a prigione - e quando nella prigione c'erano dei visitatori esterni.

Saint-Mars took the prisoner with him to his subsequent postings in l'Exiles prison and in May 1687 to the island of Sainte Marguerite.

Saint-Mars portò il prigioniero con sé nei suoi successivi incarichi alla prigione Exiles e, nel maggio del 1687,  all'isola di Santa Margherita.

On September 18, 1698, Saint-Mars came to take his new post as a governor of the Bastille prison, bringing the masked prisoner with him.

Il 18 settembre del 1698 Saint-Mars andò ad occupare il suo nuovo posto di governatore della Bastiglia portando con sé il prigioniero mascherato.

The prisoner was placed in a solitary cell in the pre-furnished third chamber of the Bertaudiere tower.

Il prigioniero fu posto in cella di isolamento nella terza camera, appositamente ammobiliata, della torre Bertaudiere.

The prison's second-in-command, de Rosarges, was to feed him.

Il vice-comandante della prigione, de Rosarges, aveva l'incarico di nutrirlo.

Most of the details of the masked man (continuous wearing of a mask and preferential treatment) come from Lieutenant du Junca of Bastille.

La maggior parte dei particolari che conosciamo sull'uomo con la maschera (il fatto che indossasse continuamente una maschera e il trattamento particolare di cui godeva) provengono dal luogotenente du Junca della Bastiglia.

The prisoner died on November 19, 1703, and was buried the next day under the name of Marchioly.

Il prigioniero morì il 19 novembre 1703 e fu sepolto il giorno successivo sotto il nome di Marchioly.

All his furniture and clothing were reportedly destroyed afterwards.

A quanto si racconta, tutto il suo mobilio e i suoi  abiti vennero successivamente distrutti.

Vivien de Bulonde

Vivien de Bulonde

The fate of the mysterious prisoner - and the extent of apparent precautions his jailers took - created much interest and many legends.

Il destino del misterioso prigioniero - e l'ampiezza delle precauzioni prese dai suoi carcerieri - suscitarono molto interesse e molte leggende.

However the truth emerged eventually.

Tuttavia alla fine la verità emerse.

In 1890 Louis Gendron, a French military historian, came across some coded letters and passed them on to Etienne Bazeries in the French Army's cryptographic department.

Nel 1890 Louis Gendron, uno storico militare francese, si imbatté in alcune lettere in codice e le trasmise a Etienne Bazeries, del dipartimento crittografico dell'esercito francese.

After three years Bazeries managed to read some messages in the Great Cypher of Louis XIV.

Dopo tre anni Bazeries riuscì a decifrare alcuni messaggi scritti secondo il Grande Codice Cifrato di Luigi XIV.

One of them referred to a prisoner and identified him as General Vivien de Bulonde.

Uno di essi si riferiva ad un prigioniero e lo identificava come un certo generale Vivien de Bulonde.

One of the letters written by François de Louvois made specific reference to de Bulonde's crime.

Una di queste lettere, scritte da Francois de Louvois, faceva riferimento specifico al crimine commesso da  Bulonde.

At the siege of Cuneo, Bulonde was concerned about enemy troops arriving from Austria and ordered a hasty withdrawal, leaving behind his munitions and wounded men.

Durante l'assedio di Cuneo, Bulonde era preoccupato per l'arrivo di truppe nemiche dall'Austria e ordinò un frettoloso ritiro, lasciando indietro i suoi armamenti e gli uomini feriti.

Louis XIV was furious and in another of the letters specifically ordered him "to be conducted to the fortress at Pignerole where he will be locked in a cell and under guard at night, and permitted to walk the battlements during the day with a mask".

Luigi XIV si indignò e in un'altra delle lettere ordinò specificatamente che  "fosse condotto nella fortezza di Pinerolo dove sarebbe stato rinchiuso in una cella e guardato a vista di notte, con il permesso di camminare sui bastioni durante il giorno con una maschera ".

The dates of the letters fit the dates of the original records about the man in the mask.

Le date delle lettere coincidono con i documenti originali sull'uomo con la maschera.

Given the evidence of the letters, there is now little need of an alternative explanation for the man in the mask.

Data la prova offerta dalle lettere, attualmente c'è ben poca necessità di una spiegazione alternativa riguardo all'uomo con la maschera.

However, there were already other theories in existence and some others were propounded before the existence of the letters was widely known.

Tuttavia esistevano già delle teorie alternative (e alcune altre vennero proposte) prima che l'esistenza delle lettere diventasse di dominio pubblico.

Later commentators have still presented their own theories, possibly based on embellished versions of the original tale, mixed with details from stories of other famous contemporary prisoners.

I commentatori ntervenuti successivamente hanno continuato a presentato delle proprie teorie, basate probabilmente su versioni colorite della storia originale mescolate con dettagli tratti da storie di altri famosi prigionieri contemporanei.

The legends and alternative theories

Leggende e teorie alternative

Contemporary claims about his identity included that he was a Marshal of France;

Tra le voci dei contemporanei circa la sua identità c'era quella secondo cui  egli sarebbe stato un Maresciallo di Francia;

or Oliver Cromwell;

o Oliver Cromwell;

or Francois de Vendôme, Duc de Beaufort.

o Francois de Vendôme, Duca di Beaufort.

Later, many people from Voltaire to Benjamin Franklin have put forward theories about the man in the mask.

In seguito molti, da Voltaire a Beniamino Franklin, hanno provato a formulare delle teorie sull'uomo con la maschera.

1. In 1711 the Palatine Princess Charlotte-Elizabeth of Bavaria claimed that the man was an exiled English nobleman who had been involved with the Fenwick affair to depose William III.

1. Nel 1711 la principessa palatina Charlotte Elizabeth di Baviera dichiarò che l'uomo era un nobile inglese in esilio che era stato coinvolto nell'affare Fenwick per deporre Guglielmo III.

2. Louis XV and XVI have been attributed as saying that the prisoner was Ercole Antonio Mattioli, minister of Duke of Mantua.

2. A Luigi XV e XVI viene attribuita l'ipotesi secondo cui il prigioniero era Ercole Antonio Mattioli, ministro del Duca di Mantova.

Mattioli had been involved with Louis XIV's intrigues in Italy and betrayed his secret negotiations with Duke Charles III of Mantua, for the purchase of an important border fortress.

Mattioli era stato coinvolto negli intrighi di Luigi XVI in Italia e tradì i suoi negoziati segreti con il Duca Carlo III di Mantova per l'acquisto di un'importante fortezza di confine.

He was registered with a prison pseudonym "Lestang".

Egli era registrato, da prigioniero, con lo pseudonimo di "Lestang".

3. Voltaire claimed that the prisoner was a son of Mazarin and Anne of Austria and therefore an illegitimate older half-brother of King Louis XIV.

3. Voltaire sostenne che il prigioniero era un figlio di Mazarino e di Anna d'Austria e pertanto un fratellastro maggiore illegittimo di re Luigi XVI.

How serious he was is hard to say.

È difficile dire se Voltaire lo pensasse seriamente.

Alexandre Dumas used this theory in his book, The Vicomte de Bragelonne but made the prisoner a twin brother

Alessandro Dumas riprese questa teoria nel suo libro "Il Visconte di Bragelonne" in cui però fece del prigioniero un fratello gemello.

4. In 1801 revolutionary legislator Roux Fazaillac stated that the tale of the masked prisoner was an amalgamation of the fates of two separate prisoners, Mattioli and an imprisoned valet named Eustache Dauger.

4. Nel 1801 il legislatore rivoluzionario Roux Fazaillac sostenne che il racconto del prigioniero mascherato era un miscuglio dei destini di due diversi prigionieri, Mattioli e un valletto carcerato di nome Eustache Dauger.

5. In 1801 there emerged a legend, probably created by supporters of Napoleon Bonaparte, that the mysterious prisoner was the real Louis XIV himself and that Cardinal Mazarin had had him replaced by a more suitable candidate.

5. Nel 1801 venne fuori una leggenda, probabilmente creata dai sostenitori di Napoleone Bonaparte, secondo cui il misterioso prigioniero era in realtà lo stesso Luigi XIV e che il Cardinale Mazarino lo avesse fatto rimpiazzare da un candidato più idoneo.

Legend also held that he had married in prison and sired a son, who would have been taken to Corsica to become one of Napoleon's forefathers.

La leggenda sosteneva inoltre che egli si fosse sposato in prigione e avesse generato un figlio che sarebbe stato portato in Corsica dove sarebbe diventato uno degli antenati di Napoleone.

This was most probably an intentionally spread political rumor.

Si trattava molto probabilmente di una diceria propagata intenzionalmente per motivi politici.

6. One theory is that Eustache Dauger was a valet of imprisoned minister Nicolas Fouquet, also under the guard of Saint-Mars.

6. Un'altra teoria è che Eustache Dauger fosse un valletto del ministro prigioniero Nicolas Fouquet, anch'egli sotto custodia da parte di Saint Mars.

(The masked man had been assigned to serve as his valet at one point.) (L'uomo con la maschera gli era stato assegnato come valletto per un certo periodo di tempo).

After Fouquet's death, the king was afraid that the servant could reveal state secrets if released, so he remained in prison for the next 23 years, until his death.

Dopo la morte di Fouquet il re era preoccupato che il servo potesse rivelare dei segreti di stato se fosse stato liberato, così egli rimase in prigione per i successivi 23 anni, fino alla sua morte.

Additional rumors claimed, yet again, that Dauger was in fact twin brother of Louis XIV.

Altre voci suggerivano, ancora una volta, che Dauger fosse in effetti il fratello gemello di Luigi XIV.

7. Andrew Lang, in his The Valet's Tragedy and Other Stories (1903), presented a theory that Eustache Dauger was a prison pseudonym of a man called Martin, valet of French Huguenot Roux de Marsilly.

7. Andrew Lang nel suo "La tragedia del valletto e altre storie " (1903) presentò la teoria secondo cui Eustache Dauger era lo pseudonimo di prigionia di un uomo chiamato Martin, valletto dell'ugonotto francese Roux de Marsilly.

After his master's execution in 1669 the valet was taken to France, possibly by capture or subterfuge, and imprisoned because he might have known too much about his master's affairs.

Dopo l'esecuzione del suo padrone nel 1669 il valletto venne portato in Francia, probabilmente con un inganno o sotterfugio, e imprigionato perché forse sapeva troppo sugli affari del suo padrone.

Dauger was later assigned to become one of Fouquet's valets in prison, the other being named La Riviere.

Dauger venne poi fatto diventare uno dei valletti di Fouquet in prigione, l'altro si chiamava La Riviere.

Dauger was still in the same prison when Mattioli arrived and he was later transferred with Saint-Mars to his next postings.

Dauger era ancora in quella stessa prigione quando arrivò Mattioli e venne poi trasferito con Saint-Mars nei suoi incarichi successivi.

Tales about Mattioli, Dauger and some of the other prisoners would have been later merged into the story of a single one.

Le storie riguardanti Mattioli, Dauger ed alcuni altri prigionieri sarebbero poi state fuse insieme per creare la storia di un unico prigioniero.

8. In The Man of the Mask (1908) Barnes presents James de la Cloche, the illegitimate but acknowledged son of Charles II, who would have been his father's secret intermediary with the Catholic court of France.

8. Nell'"Uomo della Maschera" (1908) Barnes presenta James de la Cloche, il figlio illegittimo ma riconosciuto di Carlo II, che sarebbe stato il segreto intermediario di suo padre presso la corte cattolica di Francia.

Louis XIV could have imprisoned him because he knew too much about French affairs with England.

Luigi XVI potrebbe averlo imprigionato poiché egli sapeva troppo degli affari politici tra Francia e Inghilterra.

9. Other suggested candidates have included James, Duke of Monmouth, Armenian patriarch Avedick and Molière.

9. Tra gli altri candidati ipotizzati vi sono James, Duca di Monmouth, il patriarca armeno Avedick e Molière.


 

 
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