outer space treaty
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty
Translated by/Traduzione di
Armanda Deli
The "Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies", also known as the Outer Space Treaty (the Treaty), was opened for signature in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union (the three depository Governments) on January 27 1967, and entered into force on October 10, 1967. The Outer Space Treaty represents the basic legal framework of international space law and, among its principles, it bars States Parties to the Treaty from placing nuclear weapons or any other weapons of mass destruction in orbit of Earth, installing them on the Moon or any other celestial body, or to otherwise station them in outer space. It exclusively limits the use of the Moon and other celestial bodies to peaceful purposes and expressly prohibits their use for testing weapons of any kind, conducting military maneuvers, or establishing military bases, installations, fortifications (Art.IV). Moreover, it explicitly forbids any government from claiming a celestial resource such as the Moon or a planet since they are common heritage of mankind. Art. II of the Treaty states, in fact, that "outer space is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means". These concepts are also reaffirmed in Article 11 of the "Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies" (the Moon Agreement) of 1979, that was intended as a follow-up to the 1967 Outer Space Treaty . Experts of international space law state that the Moon falls under the legal concept of res communis, which means that it belongs to a group of persons, may be used by every member of the group, but cannot be appropriated by anyone (the concept is also applied to International Waters). The effect of the Outer Space Treaty to restrict control of private property rights in the way that the law of the sea prevents anyone owning the sea, is often disputed by those who claim the ability to sell property rights on the Moon and other bodies, but this dispute has never been tested in a court of law. Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty deals indeed with international responsibilty stating that activities of non-governmental entities in outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, shall require authorization and continuing supervision by the appropriate State Party to the Treaty and the States shall bear international responsibility for national space activities whether carried out by governmental or non-governmental entities. |
The "Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies", also known as the Outer Space Treaty (the Treaty), was opened for signature in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union (the three depository Governments) on January 27 1967, and entered into force on October 10, 1967. |
Il "Trattato sui principi che governano le attività degli Stati in materia di esplorazione ed utilizzazione dello spazio extra-atmosferico compresa la Luna e gli altri corpi celesti (1967)" anche detto "Trattato sullo spazio extra-atmosferico" (Outer Space Treaty, di seguito il Trattato) è stato aperto per la sottoscrizione negli Stati Uniti, nel Regno Unito e nell'Unione Sovietica (i tre governi depositari) il 27 gennaio 1967 ed è entrato in vigore il 10 ottobre 1967. |
The Outer Space Treaty represents the basic legal framework of international space law and, among its principles, it bars States Parties to the Treaty from placing nuclear weapons or any other weapons of mass destruction in orbit of Earth, installing them on the Moon or any other celestial body, or to otherwise station them in outer space. |
Il Trattato sullo spazio extra-atmosferico rappresenta la struttura giuridica di base del diritto internationale aerospaziale e, tra i suoi principi, vieta agli Stati signatari di collocare armi nucleari od ogni altro genere di armi di distruzione di massa nell'orbita terrestre, sulla Luna o su altri corpi celesti, o comunque stazionarli nello spazio extra-atmosferico. |
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It exclusively limits the use of the Moon and other celestial bodies to peaceful purposes and expressly prohibits their use for testing weapons of any kind, conducting military maneuvers, or establishing military bases, installations, fortifications (Art.IV). |
Il Trattato permette l'utilizzo della Luna e degli altri corpi celesti esclusivamente per scopi pacifici ed espressamente ne proibisce l'uso per testare armi di qualunque tipo, condurre manovre militari, o stabilire basi militari, installazioni o fortificazioni (Art.IV). |
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Moreover, it explicitly forbids any government from claiming a celestial resource such as the Moon or a planet since they are common heritage of mankind. |
Il Trattato, inoltre, espressamente proibisce agli Stati di rivendicare risorse celestiali quali la Luna od un pianeta poiché sono "patrimonio comune dell'umanità". |
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Art. II of the Treaty states, in fact, that "outer space is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means". |
L'Art. II del Trattato afferma, infatti, che "lo spazio extra-atmosferico non è soggetto ad appropriazione nazionale né rivendicandone la sovranitá, né occupandolo né con ogni altro mezzo". |
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These concepts are also reaffirmed in Article 11 of the "Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies" (the Moon Agreement) of 1979, that was intended as a follow-up to the 1967 Outer Space Treaty . |
Questi principi sono anche riaffermati nell'Articolo 11 dell' "Accordo che presiede alle attività degli Stati sulla Luna o sugli altri Corpi Celesti" (Accordo relativo alla Luna) del 1979 che era inteso come il seguito del Trattato sullo spazio extra-atmosferico del 1967. |
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Experts of international space law state that the Moon falls under the legal concept of res communis, which means that it belongs to a group of persons, may be used by every member of the group, but cannot be appropriated by anyone (the concept is also applied to International Waters). |
Esperti in materia di Diritto Aerospaziale Internazionale affermano che la Luna ricade sotto il concetto giuridico di "res communis", il che significa che la Luna appartiene ad un gruppo di persone, può essere usata da ogni membro del gruppo ma nessuno se ne può appropriare (concetto applicato anche in materia di Acque Internazionali). |
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The effect of the Outer Space Treaty to restrict control of private property rights in the way that the law of the sea prevents anyone owning the sea, is often disputed by those who claim the ability to sell property rights on the Moon and other bodies, but this dispute has never been tested in a court of law. |
L'effetto pratico del Trattato, che è quello di impedire ogni diritto di proprietà privata allo stesso modo in cui il diritto del mare impedisce a chiunque l'appropriazione del mare, è spesso messo in discussione da coloro che rivendicano la facoltà di vendere dirittti di proprietà sulla Luna e su altri corpi celesti, ma questa rivendicazione non è mai stata verificata in un'aula di tribunale. |
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Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty deals indeed with international responsibilty stating that activities of non-governmental entities in outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, shall require authorization and continuing supervision by the appropriate State Party to the Treaty and the States shall bear international responsibility for national space activities whether carried out by governmental or non-governmental entities. |
L'Articolo VI del Trattato si occupa effettivamente di responsabilità internazionale affermando che le attività condotte da enti non-governativi nello spazio extra-atmosferico, inclusa la Luna e altri corpi celesti, è soggetta all'autorizzazione ed alla continua supervisione da parte dello Stato di appartenenza firmatario del Trattato e che gli Stati saranno responsabili a livello internazionale per le attività spaziali nazionali condotte sia dagli enti governativi che da quelli non-governativi. |
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