deed
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deed
Translated by/Traduzione di
Leonardo Andriulo
A deed is a legal instrument used to grant a right. The deed is best known as the method of transferring title to real estate from one person to another. However, by the general definition, powers of attorney, commissions, patents, and even diplomas conferring academic degrees are also deeds. Historically under common law, for an instrument to be a valid deed it needed five things: • It must indicate that the instrument itself conveys some privilege or thing to someone. This is indicated by using the word hereby or the phrase by these presents in the sentence indicating the gift. • The person receiving the privilege or thing must have the legal capacity to receive it. • The grantor must have the legal ability to grant the thing or privilege. • A seal must be affixed to it. Most jurisdictions have eliminated this requirement and replaced it with the signature of the grantor. However, for conveyances of real estate, most jurisdictions require that the deed be acknowleged before a notary public or a civil law notary and some may require a witness or witnesses in addition. • It must be delivered to and accepted by the recipient. Conditions attached to the acceptance of a deed are known as covenants. In the United States of America, a pardon of the President was at one time considered to be a deed and thus needed to be accepted by the recipient. This made it impossible to grant a pardon posthumously. However, in the case of Henry Ossian Flipper, this view was altered when President Bill Clinton pardoned him in 1999. In some jurisdictions, a deed of trust is used as an equivalent to a mortgage. In some jurisdictions (especially New Zealand) a deed of endowment is used as an equivalent to a Royal Charter, often used to establish educational or medical institutions. In the transfer of real estate, a deed conveys ownership from the old owner (the grantor) to the new owner (the grantee), and can include various warranties. The precise name of these warranties differ by jurisdiction. However the basic difference between them is the degree to which the grantor warrants the title. The grantor may give a general warranty of title against any claims, or the warranty may be limited only to claims which occurred after the grantor obtained the real estate. The latter type of deed is usually known as a special warranty deed. While a general warranty deed is normally used for residenial real estate sales and transfers, special warranty deeds more commonly used in commercial transactions. A third type of deed, known as a bargain and sale deed, implies that the grantor has the right to convey title but makes no warranties against encumbrances. This type of deed is most commonly used by court officials or fiduciaries that hold the property by force of law rather than title, such as properties seized for unpaid taxes and sold at sheriff's sale. A so-called quitclaim deed is (in most states) actually not a deed at all--it is actually an estoppel disclaiming rights of the person signing it to property. Usually the transfer of ownership of real estate is registered at a cadastre in the United Kingdom. In most parts of the United States, deeds must be submitted to the Recorder of deeds, who acts as a Cadastre, to be registered. |
A deed is a legal instrument used to grant a right. |
Il rogito è uno strumento legale usato per trasferire un diritto |
The deed is best known as the method of transferring title to real estate from one person to another. |
Il rogito è meglio noto come il metodo di trasferimento del titolo di proprietà di un bene immobile da un individuo ad un altro. |
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However, by the general definition, powers of attorney, commissions, patents, and even diplomas conferring academic degrees are also deeds. |
Tuttavia, per concezione generale, le categorie degli avvocati, delle commissioni, dei brevetti e qualunque conferenza accademica concordano sul concetto di rogito. |
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Historically under common law, for an instrument to be a valid deed it needed five things: |
Storicamente nei sistemi di common law, perché si potesse avere un valido rogito erano necessarie 5 cose: |
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• It must indicate that the instrument itself conveys some privilege or thing to someone. |
• esso doveva indicare che lo strumento stesso conferiva alcuni privilegi o cose a qualcuno. |
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This is indicated by using the word hereby or the phrase by these presents in the sentence indicating the gift. |
Era indicato con l’uso delle parole “ con questo” o con la frase “ con la presente”, nel corpo dell’atto. |
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• The person receiving the privilege or thing must have the legal capacity to receive it. |
• La persona che riceveva il diritto o la cosa, doveva avere la capacità giuridica di ricevere. |
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• The grantor must have the legal ability to grant the thing or privilege. |
• Il cedente doveva avere il titolo per trasferire la cosa o il diritto. |
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• A seal must be affixed to it. |
• Un timbro doveva essere apposto sul rogito. |
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Most jurisdictions have eliminated this requirement and replaced it with the signature of the grantor. |
La maggior parte delle giurisdizioni ha eliminato questo requisito, rimpiazzandolo con la firma del cedente. |
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However, for conveyances of real estate, most jurisdictions require that the deed be acknowleged before a notary public or a civil law notary and some may require a witness or witnesses in addition. |
Tuttavia, per convenienza del trasferimento di beni immobili, la maggior parte delle giurisdizioni, richiede che il rogito deve essere noto prima ad un notaio o ad un dottore in legge, e alcuni possono richiedere un testimone o più in aggiunta. |
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• It must be delivered to and accepted by the recipient. |
• Esso doveva essere spedito e accettato dal beneficiario. |
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Conditions attached to the acceptance of a deed are known as covenants. |
Le condizioni collegate all’accettazione di un rogito sono note come clausole |
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In the United States of America, a pardon of the President was at one time considered to be a deed and thus needed to be accepted by the recipient. |
Negli Stati Uniti d’America, un perdono del Presidente fu una volta considerato come un rogito e pertanto fu necessario che fosse accettato dal beneficiario. |
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This made it impossible to grant a pardon posthumously. |
Questo rese impossibile trasferire un perdono dopo la morte. |
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However, in the case of Henry Ossian Flipper, this view was altered when President Bill Clinton pardoned him in 1999. |
Tuttavia, nel caso di Henry Ossian Flipper, questo concetto fu disatteso quando il Presidente Bill Clinton lo perdonò nel 1999. |
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In some jurisdictions, a deed of trust is used as an equivalent to a mortgage. |
In alcune giurisdizioni, un rogito fiduciario è usato come equivalente di un mutuo ipotecario |
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In some jurisdictions (especially New Zealand) a deed of endowment is used as an equivalent to a Royal Charter, often used to establish educational or medical institutions. |
In altre giurisdizioni ( specialmente in Nuova Zelanda) un rogito in dotazione equivale ad una Concessione Reale, spesso usata per costituire istituzioni mediche e educative |
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In the transfer of real estate, a deed conveys ownership from the old owner (the grantor) to the new owner (the grantee), and can include various warranties. |
Nel trasferimento dei beni immobili, un rogito conferisce la proprietà dal vecchio titolare ( dal cedente) al nuovo titolare ( il cessionario), e può includere diverte garanzie. |
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The precise name of these warranties differ by jurisdiction. |
Il nome preciso di queste garanzie è differente per ogni sistema giuridico |
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However the basic difference between them is the degree to which the grantor warrants the title. |
Tuttavia la differenza principale tra essi è la dichiarazione che il cedente garantisce il titolo. |
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The grantor may give a general warranty of title against any claims, or the warranty may be limited only to claims which occurred after the grantor obtained the real estate. |
Il cedente può dare una garanzia generale del titolo contro ogni pretesa, o la garanzia può essere limitata solamente alle pretese che si manifestano dopo il cessionario ottiene il bene immobile. |
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The latter type of deed is usually known as a special warranty deed. |
L’ultimo tipo di rogito è generalmente noto come uno rogito di garanzia speciale. |
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While a general warranty deed is normally used for residenial real estate sales and transfers, special warranty deeds more commonly used in commercial transactions. |
Mentre una un rogito di garanzia generale è normalmente usato per le vendite di beni immobili residenziali, i rogiti di garanzia speciale sono più comunemente usati nelle transazioni commerciali. |
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A third type of deed, known as a bargain and sale deed, implies that the grantor has the right to convey title but makes no warranties against encumbrances. |
Un terzo tipo di rogito, noto come Rogito di vendita promozionale, implica che il cedente ha il diritto di conferire il titolo ma non rende garanzie contro altre incombenze. |
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This type of deed is most commonly used by court officials or fiduciaries that hold the property by force of law rather than title, such as properties seized for unpaid taxes and sold at sheriff's sale. |
Questo tipo di rogito è comunemente usato dalle corti ufficiali o fiduciarie che mantengono la proprietà in forza di legge piuttosto che di un titolo, come le proprietà pignorate e vendute alle vendite giudiziarie |
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A so-called quitclaim deed is (in most states) actually not a deed at all--it is actually an estoppel disclaiming rights of the person signing it to property. |
Un così detto rogito proquota è (in molti stati) attualmente un rogito non completo – ha una preclusione di rinuncia di diritto della persona firmataria della proprietà. |
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Usually the transfer of ownership of real estate is registered at a cadastre in the United Kingdom. |
Di solito il trasferimento della titolarità dei beni immobili è registrato al catasto nel Regno Unito. |
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In most parts of the United States, deeds must be submitted to the Recorder of deeds, who acts as a Cadastre, to be registered. | In molte parti degli Stati Uniti, i rogiti devono essere sottoscritti dal Registrante dei rogiti, che opera come un Catasto, deve essere registrato. |
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