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- Abbe Prevost - MANON LESCAUT
- Alcott, Louisa M. - LITTLE MEN
- Alcott, Louisa M. - LITTLE WOMEN
- Alcott, Louisa May - JACK AND JILL
- Austen, Jane - EMMA
- Austen, Jane - MANSFIELD PARK
- Austen, Jane - NORTHANGER ABBEY
- Austen, Jane - PERSUASION
- Austen, Jane - PRIDE AND PREJUDICE
- Austen, Jane - SENSE AND SENSIBILITY
- Ballantyne, R. B. - THE CORAL ISLAND
- Balzac, Honore de - EUGENIE GRANDET
- Balzac, Honore de - FATHER GORIOT
- Baroness Orczy - THE SCARLET PIMPERNEL
- Barrie, James M. - PETER PAN
- Blackmore, R. D. - LORNA DOONE
- Boccaccio, Giovanni - DECAMERONE
- Bronte, Charlotte - JANE EYRE
- Bronte, Emily - WUTHERING HEIGHTS
- Buchan, John - PRESTER JOHN
- Buchan, John - THE THIRTY-NINE STEPS
- Bunyan, John - THE PILGRIM'S PROGRESS
- Burnett, Frances H. - A LITTLE PRINCESS
- Burnett, Frances H. - LITTLE LORD FAUNTLEROY
- Burnett, Frances H. - THE SECRET GARDEN
- Butler, Samuel - EREWHON
- Carroll, Lewis - ALICE IN WONDERLAND
- Carroll, Lewis - THROUGH THE LOOKING-GLASS
- Chaucer, Geoffrey - THE CANTERBURY TALES
- Chesterton, G. K. - A SHORT HISTORY OF ENGLAND
- Chesterton, G. K. - THE INNOCENCE OF FATHER BROWN
- Chesterton, G. K. - THE MAN WHO KNEW TOO MUCH
- Chesterton, G. K. - THE MAN WHO WAS THURSDAY
- Chesterton, G. K. - THE WISDOM OF FATHER BROWN
- Childers, Erskine - THE RIDDLE OF THE SANDS
- Christie, Agatha - THE MYSTERIOUSAFFAIR AT STYLES
- Christie, Agatha - THE SECRET ADVERSARY
- Collins, Wilkie - THE MOONSTONE
- Collodi, Carlo - THE ADVENTURES OF PINOCCHIO
- Conan Doyle, Arthur - A STUDY IN SCARLET
- Conan Doyle, Arthur - MEMOIRS OF SHERLOCK HOLMES
- Conan Doyle, Arthur - THE ADVENTURES OF SHERLOCK HOLMES
- Conan Doyle, Arthur - THE HOUND OF THE BASKERVILLES
- Conan Doyle, Arthur - THE SIGN OF THE FOUR
- Conrad, Joseph - HEART OF DARKNESS
- Conrad, Joseph - LORD JIM
- Conrad, Joseph - NOSTROMO
- Conrad, Joseph - THE NIGGER OF THE NARCISSUS
- Conrad, Joseph - TYPHOON
- Darwin, Charles - THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF CHARLES DARWIN
- Darwin, Charles - THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES
- Defoe, Daniel - MOLL FLANDERS
- Defoe, Daniel - ROBINSON CRUSOE
- Dickens, Charles - A CHRISTMAS CAROL
- Dickens, Charles - A TALE OF TWO CITIES
- Dickens, Charles - BLEAK HOUSE
- Dickens, Charles - DAVID COPPERFIELD
- Dickens, Charles - GREAT EXPECTATIONS
- Dickens, Charles - HARD TIMES
- Dickens, Charles - LITTLE DORRIT
- Dickens, Charles - MARTIN CHUZZLEWIT
- Dickens, Charles - OLIVER TWIST
- Dickens, Charles - PICTURES FROM ITALY
- Dickens, Charles - THE MYSTERY OF EDWIN DROOD
- Dickens, Charles - THE PICKWICK PAPERS
- Dostoevsky, Fyodor - CRIME AND PUNISHMENT
- Dostoyevsky, Fyodor - THE BROTHERS KARAMAZOV
- Du Maurier, George - TRILBY
- Dumas, Alexandre - THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO
- Dumas, Alexandre - THE MAN IN THE IRON MASK
- Dumas, Alexandre - THE THREE MUSKETEERS
- Eliot, George - ADAM BEDE
- Eliot, George - DANIEL DERONDA
- Eliot, George - MIDDLEMARCH
- Eliot, George - SILAS MARNER
- Eliot, George - THE MILL ON THE FLOSS
- Equiano - AUTOBIOGRAPHY
- Esopo - FABLES
- Fenimore Cooper, James - THE LAST OF THE MOHICANS
- Fielding, Henry - TOM JONES
- Flaubert, Gustave - MADAME BOVARY
- Frank Baum, L. - THE WONDERFUL WIZARD OF OZ
- Frazer, James George - THE GOLDEN BOUGH
- Freud, Sigmund - DREAM PSYCHOLOGY
- Galsworthy, John - THE FORSYTE SAGA
- Gilbert and Sullivan - PLAYS
- Gogol - DEAD SOULS
- Goldsmith, Oliver - SHE STOOPS TO CONQUER
- Goldsmith, Oliver - THE VICAR OF WAKEFIELD
- Grahame, Kenneth - THE WIND IN THE WILLOWS
- Hardy, Thomas - FAR FROM THE MADDING CROWD
- Hardy, Thomas - JUDE THE OBSCURE
- Hardy, Thomas - TESS OF THE D'URBERVILLES
- Hardy, Thomas - THE MAYOR OF CASTERBRIDGE
- Hawthorne, Nathaniel - THE SCARLET LETTER
- Hobbes, Thomas - LEVIATHAN
- Hope, Anthony - THE PRISONER OF ZENDA
- Hornung, E. W. - MR. JUSTICE RAFFLES
- Ibsen, Henrik - AN ENEMY OF THE PEOPLE
- Ibsen, Henrik - CASA DI BAMBOLA
- Ibsen, Henrik - GHOSTS
- Ibsen, Henrik - HEDDA GABLER
- Ibsen, Henrik - JOHN GABRIEL BORKMAN
- Ibsen, Henrik - PILLARS OF SOCIETY
- Ibsen, Henrik - ROSMERHOLM
- Ibsen, Henrik - THE LADY FROM THE SEA
- Ibsen, Henrik - THE MASTER BUILDER
- Ibsen, Henrik - WHEN WE DEAD AWAKEN
- Irving, Washington - THE LEGEND OF SLEEPY HOLLOW
- James, Henry - ITALIAN HOURS
- James, Henry - THE BOSTONIANS
- James, Henry - THE PORTRAIT OF A LADY
- James, Henry - THE TURN OF THE SCREW
- James, Henry - WASHINGTON SQUARE
- Jerome, Jerome K. - THREE MEN IN A BOAT
- Jerome, Jerome K. - THREE MEN ON THE BUMMEL
- Jonson, Ben - THE ALCHEMIST
- Jonson, Ben - VOLPONE
- Joyce, James - A PORTRAIT OF THE ARTIST AS A YOUNG MAN
- Joyce, James - DUBLINERS
- Joyce, James - ULYSSES
- Kingsley, Charles - THE WATER-BABIES
- Kipling, Rudyard - CAPTAINS COURAGEOUS
- Kipling, Rudyard - INDIAN TALES
- Kipling, Rudyard - JUST SO STORIES
- Kipling, Rudyard - KIM
- Kipling, Rudyard - THE JUNGLE BOOK
- Kipling, Rudyard - THE MAN WHO WOULD BE KING
- Kipling, Rudyard - THE SECOND JUNGLE BOOK
- Lawrence, D. H - THE RAINBOW
- Lawrence, D. H - THE WHITE PEACOCK
- Lawrence, D. H - TWILIGHT IN ITALY
- Lawrence, D. H. - SONS AND LOVERS
- Lawrence, D. H. - WOMEN IN LOVE
- Lear, Edward - BOOK OF NONSENSE
- Lear, Edward - LAUGHABLE LYRICS
- Lear, Edward - MORE NONSENSE
- Lear, Edward - NONSENSE SONG
- London, Jack - MARTIN EDEN
- London, Jack - THE CALL OF THE WILD
- London, Jack - WHITE FANG
- Malthus, Thomas - PRINCIPLE OF POPULATION
- Marryat, Captain - THE CHILDREN OF THE NEW FOREST
- Marx, Karl - THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO
- Mary, Charles and - TALES FROM SHAKESPEARE
- Melville, Hermann - MOBY DICK
- Melville, Hermann - TYPEE
- Mrs. Beeton - THE BOOK OF HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT
- Nesbit, E. - FIVE CHILDREN AND IT
- Nesbit, E. - THE PHOENIX AND THE CARPET
- Nesbit, E. - THE RAILWAY CHILDREN
- Nesbit, E. - THE STORY OF THE AMULET
- Pascal, Blaise - PENSEES
- Pellico, Silvio - LE MIE PRIGIONI
- Poe, Edgar A. - THE FALL OF THE HOUSE OF USHER
- Richardson, Samuel - PAMELA
- Rider Haggard, H. - ALLAN QUATERMAIN
- Rider Haggard, H. - KING SOLOMON'S MINES
- Schopenhauer, Arthur - THE ART OF CONTROVERSY
- Scott, Walter - IVANHOE
- Scott, Walter - QUENTIN DURWARD
- Scott, Walter - ROB ROY
- Scott, Walter - THE BRIDE OF LAMMERMOOR
- Scott, Walter - WAVERLEY
- Sewell, Anna - BLACK BEAUTY
- Shelley, Mary - FRANKENSTEIN
- Sheridan, Richard B. - THE SCHOOL FOR SCANDAL
- Sienkiewicz, Henryk - QUO VADIS
- Sterne, Laurence - A SENTIMENTAL JOURNEY
- Sterne, Laurence - TRISTRAM SHANDY
- Stevenson, Robert Louis - KIDNAPPED
- Stevenson, Robert Louis - THE BLACK ARROW
- Stevenson, Robert Louis - THE MASTER OF BALLANTRAE
- Stevenson, Robert Louis - THE STRANGE CASE OF DR. JEKYLL AND MR. HYDE
- Stevenson, Robert Louis - TREASURE ISLAND
- Stoker, Bram - DRACULA
- Strindberg, August - LUCKY PEHR
- Strindberg, August - MASTER OLOF
- Strindberg, August - THE RED ROOM
- Strindberg, August - THE ROAD TO DAMASCUS
- Strindberg, August - THERE ARE CRIMES AND CRIMES
- Swift, Jonathan - A MODEST PROPOSAL
- Swift, Jonathan - A TALE OF A TUB
- Swift, Jonathan - GULLIVER'S TRAVELS
- Thackeray, William - BARRY LYNDON
- Thackeray, William - VANITY FAIR
- Tolstoi, Lev - WAR AND PEACE
- Tolstoy, Leo - ANNA KARENINA
- Tolstoy, Leo - WAR AND PEACE
- Trollope, Anthony - BARCHESTER TOWERS
- Trollope, Anthony - THE WARDEN
- Twain, Mark - THE ADVENTURES OF HUCKLEBERRY FINN
- Twain, Mark - THE ADVENTURES OF TOM SAWYER
- Twain, Mark - THE PRINCE AND THE PAUPER
- Verne, Jules - 20000 LEAGUES UNDER THE SEAS
- Verne, Jules - A JOURNEY TO THE CENTRE OF THE EARTH
- Verne, Jules - ALL AROUND THE MOON
- Verne, Jules - AROUND THE WORLD IN 80 DAYS
- Verne, Jules - FIVE WEEKS IN A BALLOON
- Verne, Jules - MICHAEL STROGOFF
- Verne, Jules - THE MYSTERIOUS ISLAND
- Wallace, Edgar - SANDERS OF THE RIVER
- Wallace, Edgar - THE DAFFODIL MYSTERY
- Wallace, Lew - BEN HUR
- Wells, H. G. - KIPPS
- Wells, H. G. - THE INVISIBLE MAN
- Wells, H. G. - THE WAR OF THE WORLDS
- Wilde, Oscar - A WOMAN OF NO IMPORTANCE
- Wilde, Oscar - AN IDEAL HUSBAND
- Wilde, Oscar - DE PROFUNDIS
- Wilde, Oscar - LADY WINDERMERE'S FAN
- Wilde, Oscar - THE CANTERVILLE GHOST
- Wilde, Oscar - THE HAPPY PRINCE AND OTHER TALES
- Wilde, Oscar - THE IMPORTANCE OF BEING EARNEST
- Wilde, Oscar - THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GREY
- Woolf, Virgina - THE VOYAGE OUT
- Woolf, Virgina - NIGHT AND DAY
- Woolf, Virginia - LA STANZA DI JACOB
- Woolf, Virginia - MONDAY OR TUESDAY
- Yeats, William Butler - THE COUNTESS CATHLEEN
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<<< - >>> It is a pity that the words have thus been used from of old, and that
I am not quite at liberty to distinguish their meanings. Otherwise, I
should have preferred to define _Logic_ (from [Greek: logos], "word"
and "reason," which are inseparable) as "the science of the laws of
thought, that is, of the method of reason"; and _Dialectic_ (from
[Greek: dialegesthai], "to converse"--and every conversation
communicates either facts or opinions, that is to say, it is
historical or deliberative) as "the art of disputation," in the modern
sense of the word. It it clear, then, that Logic deals with a subject
of a purely _à priori_ character, separable in definition from
experience, namely, the laws of thought, the process of reason or the
[Greek: logos], the laws, that is, which reason follows when it is
left to itself and not hindered, as in the case of solitary thought on
the part of a rational being who is in no way misled. Dialectic, on
the other hand, would treat of the intercourse between two rational
beings who, because they are rational, ought to think in common, but
who, as soon as they cease to agree like two clocks keeping exactly
the same time, create a disputation, or intellectual contest. Regarded
as purely rational beings, the individuals would, I say, necessarily
be in agreement, and their variation springs from the difference
essential to individuality; in other words, it is drawn from
experience.
Logic, therefore, as the science of thought, or the science of the
process of pure reason, should be capable of being constructed _à
priori_. Dialectic, for the most part, can be constructed only _à
posteriori_; that is to say, we may learn its rules by an experiential
knowledge of the disturbance which pure thought suffers through the
difference of individuality manifested in the intercourse between
two rational beings, and also by acquaintance with the means which
disputants adopt in order to make good against one another their own
individual thought, and to show that it is pure and objective. For
human nature is such that if A. and B. are engaged in thinking in
common, and are communicating their opinions to one another on any
subject, so long as it is not a mere fact of history, and A. perceives
that B.'s thoughts on one and the same subject are not the same as his
own, he does not begin by revising his own process of thinking, so as
to discover any mistake which he may have made, but he assumes that
the mistake has occurred in B.'s. In other words, man is naturally
obstinate; and this quality in him is attended with certain results,
treated of in the branch of knowledge which I should like to call
Dialectic, but which, in order to avoid misunderstanding, I shall call
Controversial or Eristical Dialectic. Accordingly, it is the branch
of knowledge which treats of the obstinacy natural to man. Eristic is
only a harsher name for the same thing.
Controversial Dialectic is the art of disputing, and of disputing in
such a way as to hold one's own, whether one is in the right or the
wrong--_per fas et nefas_.[1] A man may be objectively in the right,
and nevertheless in the eyes of bystanders, and sometimes in his own,
<<< - >>>
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