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- Abbe Prevost - MANON LESCAUT
- Alcott, Louisa M. - LITTLE MEN
- Alcott, Louisa M. - LITTLE WOMEN
- Alcott, Louisa May - JACK AND JILL
- Austen, Jane - EMMA
- Austen, Jane - MANSFIELD PARK
- Austen, Jane - NORTHANGER ABBEY
- Austen, Jane - PERSUASION
- Austen, Jane - PRIDE AND PREJUDICE
- Austen, Jane - SENSE AND SENSIBILITY
- Ballantyne, R. B. - THE CORAL ISLAND
- Balzac, Honore de - EUGENIE GRANDET
- Balzac, Honore de - FATHER GORIOT
- Baroness Orczy - THE SCARLET PIMPERNEL
- Barrie, James M. - PETER PAN
- Blackmore, R. D. - LORNA DOONE
- Boccaccio, Giovanni - DECAMERONE
- Bronte, Charlotte - JANE EYRE
- Bronte, Emily - WUTHERING HEIGHTS
- Buchan, John - PRESTER JOHN
- Buchan, John - THE THIRTY-NINE STEPS
- Bunyan, John - THE PILGRIM'S PROGRESS
- Burnett, Frances H. - A LITTLE PRINCESS
- Burnett, Frances H. - LITTLE LORD FAUNTLEROY
- Burnett, Frances H. - THE SECRET GARDEN
- Butler, Samuel - EREWHON
- Carroll, Lewis - ALICE IN WONDERLAND
- Carroll, Lewis - THROUGH THE LOOKING-GLASS
- Chaucer, Geoffrey - THE CANTERBURY TALES
- Chesterton, G. K. - A SHORT HISTORY OF ENGLAND
- Chesterton, G. K. - THE INNOCENCE OF FATHER BROWN
- Chesterton, G. K. - THE MAN WHO KNEW TOO MUCH
- Chesterton, G. K. - THE MAN WHO WAS THURSDAY
- Chesterton, G. K. - THE WISDOM OF FATHER BROWN
- Childers, Erskine - THE RIDDLE OF THE SANDS
- Christie, Agatha - THE MYSTERIOUSAFFAIR AT STYLES
- Christie, Agatha - THE SECRET ADVERSARY
- Collins, Wilkie - THE MOONSTONE
- Collodi, Carlo - THE ADVENTURES OF PINOCCHIO
- Conan Doyle, Arthur - A STUDY IN SCARLET
- Conan Doyle, Arthur - MEMOIRS OF SHERLOCK HOLMES
- Conan Doyle, Arthur - THE ADVENTURES OF SHERLOCK HOLMES
- Conan Doyle, Arthur - THE HOUND OF THE BASKERVILLES
- Conan Doyle, Arthur - THE SIGN OF THE FOUR
- Conrad, Joseph - HEART OF DARKNESS
- Conrad, Joseph - LORD JIM
- Conrad, Joseph - NOSTROMO
- Conrad, Joseph - THE NIGGER OF THE NARCISSUS
- Conrad, Joseph - TYPHOON
- Darwin, Charles - THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF CHARLES DARWIN
- Darwin, Charles - THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES
- Defoe, Daniel - MOLL FLANDERS
- Defoe, Daniel - ROBINSON CRUSOE
- Dickens, Charles - A CHRISTMAS CAROL
- Dickens, Charles - A TALE OF TWO CITIES
- Dickens, Charles - BLEAK HOUSE
- Dickens, Charles - DAVID COPPERFIELD
- Dickens, Charles - GREAT EXPECTATIONS
- Dickens, Charles - HARD TIMES
- Dickens, Charles - LITTLE DORRIT
- Dickens, Charles - MARTIN CHUZZLEWIT
- Dickens, Charles - OLIVER TWIST
- Dickens, Charles - PICTURES FROM ITALY
- Dickens, Charles - THE MYSTERY OF EDWIN DROOD
- Dickens, Charles - THE PICKWICK PAPERS
- Dostoevsky, Fyodor - CRIME AND PUNISHMENT
- Dostoyevsky, Fyodor - THE BROTHERS KARAMAZOV
- Du Maurier, George - TRILBY
- Dumas, Alexandre - THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO
- Dumas, Alexandre - THE MAN IN THE IRON MASK
- Dumas, Alexandre - THE THREE MUSKETEERS
- Eliot, George - ADAM BEDE
- Eliot, George - DANIEL DERONDA
- Eliot, George - MIDDLEMARCH
- Eliot, George - SILAS MARNER
- Eliot, George - THE MILL ON THE FLOSS
- Equiano - AUTOBIOGRAPHY
- Esopo - FABLES
- Fenimore Cooper, James - THE LAST OF THE MOHICANS
- Fielding, Henry - TOM JONES
- Flaubert, Gustave - MADAME BOVARY
- Frank Baum, L. - THE WONDERFUL WIZARD OF OZ
- Frazer, James George - THE GOLDEN BOUGH
- Freud, Sigmund - DREAM PSYCHOLOGY
- Galsworthy, John - THE FORSYTE SAGA
- Gilbert and Sullivan - PLAYS
- Gogol - DEAD SOULS
- Goldsmith, Oliver - SHE STOOPS TO CONQUER
- Goldsmith, Oliver - THE VICAR OF WAKEFIELD
- Grahame, Kenneth - THE WIND IN THE WILLOWS
- Hardy, Thomas - FAR FROM THE MADDING CROWD
- Hardy, Thomas - JUDE THE OBSCURE
- Hardy, Thomas - TESS OF THE D'URBERVILLES
- Hardy, Thomas - THE MAYOR OF CASTERBRIDGE
- Hawthorne, Nathaniel - THE SCARLET LETTER
- Hobbes, Thomas - LEVIATHAN
- Hope, Anthony - THE PRISONER OF ZENDA
- Hornung, E. W. - MR. JUSTICE RAFFLES
- Ibsen, Henrik - AN ENEMY OF THE PEOPLE
- Ibsen, Henrik - CASA DI BAMBOLA
- Ibsen, Henrik - GHOSTS
- Ibsen, Henrik - HEDDA GABLER
- Ibsen, Henrik - JOHN GABRIEL BORKMAN
- Ibsen, Henrik - PILLARS OF SOCIETY
- Ibsen, Henrik - ROSMERHOLM
- Ibsen, Henrik - THE LADY FROM THE SEA
- Ibsen, Henrik - THE MASTER BUILDER
- Ibsen, Henrik - WHEN WE DEAD AWAKEN
- Irving, Washington - THE LEGEND OF SLEEPY HOLLOW
- James, Henry - ITALIAN HOURS
- James, Henry - THE BOSTONIANS
- James, Henry - THE PORTRAIT OF A LADY
- James, Henry - THE TURN OF THE SCREW
- James, Henry - WASHINGTON SQUARE
- Jerome, Jerome K. - THREE MEN IN A BOAT
- Jerome, Jerome K. - THREE MEN ON THE BUMMEL
- Jonson, Ben - THE ALCHEMIST
- Jonson, Ben - VOLPONE
- Joyce, James - A PORTRAIT OF THE ARTIST AS A YOUNG MAN
- Joyce, James - DUBLINERS
- Joyce, James - ULYSSES
- Kingsley, Charles - THE WATER-BABIES
- Kipling, Rudyard - CAPTAINS COURAGEOUS
- Kipling, Rudyard - INDIAN TALES
- Kipling, Rudyard - JUST SO STORIES
- Kipling, Rudyard - KIM
- Kipling, Rudyard - THE JUNGLE BOOK
- Kipling, Rudyard - THE MAN WHO WOULD BE KING
- Kipling, Rudyard - THE SECOND JUNGLE BOOK
- Lawrence, D. H - THE RAINBOW
- Lawrence, D. H - THE WHITE PEACOCK
- Lawrence, D. H - TWILIGHT IN ITALY
- Lawrence, D. H. - SONS AND LOVERS
- Lawrence, D. H. - WOMEN IN LOVE
- Lear, Edward - BOOK OF NONSENSE
- Lear, Edward - LAUGHABLE LYRICS
- Lear, Edward - MORE NONSENSE
- Lear, Edward - NONSENSE SONG
- London, Jack - MARTIN EDEN
- London, Jack - THE CALL OF THE WILD
- London, Jack - WHITE FANG
- Malthus, Thomas - PRINCIPLE OF POPULATION
- Marryat, Captain - THE CHILDREN OF THE NEW FOREST
- Marx, Karl - THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO
- Mary, Charles and - TALES FROM SHAKESPEARE
- Melville, Hermann - MOBY DICK
- Melville, Hermann - TYPEE
- Mrs. Beeton - THE BOOK OF HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT
- Nesbit, E. - FIVE CHILDREN AND IT
- Nesbit, E. - THE PHOENIX AND THE CARPET
- Nesbit, E. - THE RAILWAY CHILDREN
- Nesbit, E. - THE STORY OF THE AMULET
- Pascal, Blaise - PENSEES
- Pellico, Silvio - LE MIE PRIGIONI
- Poe, Edgar A. - THE FALL OF THE HOUSE OF USHER
- Richardson, Samuel - PAMELA
- Rider Haggard, H. - ALLAN QUATERMAIN
- Rider Haggard, H. - KING SOLOMON'S MINES
- Schopenhauer, Arthur - THE ART OF CONTROVERSY
- Scott, Walter - IVANHOE
- Scott, Walter - QUENTIN DURWARD
- Scott, Walter - ROB ROY
- Scott, Walter - THE BRIDE OF LAMMERMOOR
- Scott, Walter - WAVERLEY
- Sewell, Anna - BLACK BEAUTY
- Shelley, Mary - FRANKENSTEIN
- Sheridan, Richard B. - THE SCHOOL FOR SCANDAL
- Sienkiewicz, Henryk - QUO VADIS
- Sterne, Laurence - A SENTIMENTAL JOURNEY
- Sterne, Laurence - TRISTRAM SHANDY
- Stevenson, Robert Louis - KIDNAPPED
- Stevenson, Robert Louis - THE BLACK ARROW
- Stevenson, Robert Louis - THE MASTER OF BALLANTRAE
- Stevenson, Robert Louis - THE STRANGE CASE OF DR. JEKYLL AND MR. HYDE
- Stevenson, Robert Louis - TREASURE ISLAND
- Stoker, Bram - DRACULA
- Strindberg, August - LUCKY PEHR
- Strindberg, August - MASTER OLOF
- Strindberg, August - THE RED ROOM
- Strindberg, August - THE ROAD TO DAMASCUS
- Strindberg, August - THERE ARE CRIMES AND CRIMES
- Swift, Jonathan - A MODEST PROPOSAL
- Swift, Jonathan - A TALE OF A TUB
- Swift, Jonathan - GULLIVER'S TRAVELS
- Thackeray, William - BARRY LYNDON
- Thackeray, William - VANITY FAIR
- Tolstoi, Lev - WAR AND PEACE
- Tolstoy, Leo - ANNA KARENINA
- Tolstoy, Leo - WAR AND PEACE
- Trollope, Anthony - BARCHESTER TOWERS
- Trollope, Anthony - THE WARDEN
- Twain, Mark - THE ADVENTURES OF HUCKLEBERRY FINN
- Twain, Mark - THE ADVENTURES OF TOM SAWYER
- Twain, Mark - THE PRINCE AND THE PAUPER
- Verne, Jules - 20000 LEAGUES UNDER THE SEAS
- Verne, Jules - A JOURNEY TO THE CENTRE OF THE EARTH
- Verne, Jules - ALL AROUND THE MOON
- Verne, Jules - AROUND THE WORLD IN 80 DAYS
- Verne, Jules - FIVE WEEKS IN A BALLOON
- Verne, Jules - MICHAEL STROGOFF
- Verne, Jules - THE MYSTERIOUS ISLAND
- Wallace, Edgar - SANDERS OF THE RIVER
- Wallace, Edgar - THE DAFFODIL MYSTERY
- Wallace, Lew - BEN HUR
- Wells, H. G. - KIPPS
- Wells, H. G. - THE INVISIBLE MAN
- Wells, H. G. - THE WAR OF THE WORLDS
- Wilde, Oscar - A WOMAN OF NO IMPORTANCE
- Wilde, Oscar - AN IDEAL HUSBAND
- Wilde, Oscar - DE PROFUNDIS
- Wilde, Oscar - LADY WINDERMERE'S FAN
- Wilde, Oscar - THE CANTERVILLE GHOST
- Wilde, Oscar - THE HAPPY PRINCE AND OTHER TALES
- Wilde, Oscar - THE IMPORTANCE OF BEING EARNEST
- Wilde, Oscar - THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GREY
- Woolf, Virgina - THE VOYAGE OUT
- Woolf, Virgina - NIGHT AND DAY
- Woolf, Virginia - LA STANZA DI JACOB
- Woolf, Virginia - MONDAY OR TUESDAY
- Yeats, William Butler - THE COUNTESS CATHLEEN
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<<< - >>>
Chivalry might be called the baptism of Feudalism. It was an attempt to
bring the justice and even the logic of the Catholic creed into a
military system which already existed; to turn its discipline into an
initiation and its inequalities into a hierarchy. To the comparative
grace of the new period belongs, of course, that considerable cultus of
the dignity of woman, to which the word "chivalry" is often narrowed, or
perhaps exalted. This also was a revolt against one of the worst gaps in
the more polished civilization of the Saracens. Moslems denied even
souls to women; perhaps from the same instinct which recoiled from the
sacred birth, with its inevitable glorification of the mother; perhaps
merely because, having originally had tents rather than houses, they had
slaves rather than housewives. It is false to say that the chivalric
view of women was merely an affectation, except in the sense in which
there must always be an affectation where there is an ideal. It is the
worst sort of superficiality not to see the pressure of a general
sentiment merely because it is always broken up by events; the Crusade
itself, for example, is more present and potent as a dream even than as
a reality. From the first Plantagenet to the last Lancastrian it haunts
the minds of English kings, giving as a background to their battles a
mirage of Palestine. So a devotion like that of Edward I. to his queen
was quite a real motive in the lives of multitudes of his
contemporaries. When crowds of enlightened tourists, setting forth to
sneer at the superstitions of the continent, are taking tickets and
labelling luggage at the large railway station at the west end of the
Strand, I do not know whether they all speak to their wives with a more
flowing courtesy than their fathers in Edward's time, or whether they
pause to meditate on the legend of a husband's sorrow, to be found in
the very name of Charing Cross.
But it is a huge historical error to suppose that the Crusades concerned
only that crust of society for which heraldry was an art and chivalry an
etiquette. The direct contrary is the fact. The First Crusade especially
was much more an unanimous popular rising than most that are called
riots and revolutions. The Guilds, the great democratic systems of the
time, often owed their increasing power to corporate fighting for the
Cross; but I shall deal with such things later. Often it was not so much
a levy of men as a trek of whole families, like new gipsies moving
eastwards. And it has passed into a proverb that children by themselves
often organized a crusade as they now organize a charade. But we shall
best realize the fact by fancying every Crusade as a Children's Crusade.
They were full of all that the modern world worships in children,
because it has crushed it out of men. Their lives were full, as the
rudest remains of their vulgarest arts are full, of something that we
all saw out of the nursery window. It can best be seen later, for
instance, in the lanced and latticed interiors of Memling, but it is
ubiquitous in the older and more unconscious contemporary art; something
that domesticated distant lands and made the horizon at home. They
fitted into the corners of small houses the ends of the earth and the
edges of the sky. Their perspective is rude and crazy, but it is
<<< - >>>
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