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  1. 6/8 time
  2. A (note)
  3. Abc notation
  4. Accidental
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  6. B (note)
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  8. Beam
  9. Braille Music
  10. Breath mark
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  25. Fermata
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  28. Flat
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  30. Glissando
  31. Gongche notation
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  34. Graphic notation
  35. GUIDO music notation
  36. Guido of Arezzo
  37. Halfnote
  38. Harmony
  39. Hundred twenty-eighth note
  40. Italian musical terms used in English
  41. Kepatihan
  42. Key
  43. Keyboard tablature
  44. Key signature
  45. Klavarskribo
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  48. Legato
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  50. Ligature
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  52. Mensural notation
  53. Mensurstriche
  54. Metre
  55. Modern musical symbols
  56. Musical notation
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  58. Musical terminology
  59. Music engraving
  60. Music theory
  61. Nashville notation
  62. Natural sign
  63. Neume
  64. Note
  65. Note value
  66. Numbered musical notation
  67. Numerical sight-singing
  68. Octave
  69. Ornament
  70. Parsonscode
  71. Partbook
  72. Pizzicato
  73. Portamento
  74. Prolation
  75. Qinpu
  76. Quarter note
  77. Rastrum
  78. Rehearsal letter
  79. Repeat
  80. Rest
  81. Rhythm
  82. Rythmic mode
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  84. Saptak
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  102. Thirty-second note
  103. Tie
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  105. Time unit box system (TUBS)
  106. Tongan music notation
  107. Triple metre
  108. Tuplet
  109. Unfigured bass
  110. Virtual music score
  111. Vocal score
  112. Whole note
  113. Znamennoe singing
 



MUSICAL NOTATION
This article is from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portamento

All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License 

Portamento

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

Portamento is a musical term currently used to mean pitch bending or sliding, and in 16th century polyphonic writing refers to a type of musical ornamentation.

Pitch bending

In current usage, portamento is making a continuous "slide" up or down in frequency from a previous note, rather than a discrete change from one note to the next. This is most commonly encountered on string instruments, such as the guitar or violin, which can produce a continuous range of frequencies rather than being limited to the chromatic or diatonic scale, and impossible on a fixed-pitch instrument like the piano, without the use of extended technique. The trombone also produces quite effective portamento (referred to as a "smear"), as would any instrument with a slide, such as the slide whistle. Other wind instruments have a very limited capability to produce this effect, and can portamento through only as wide a pitch range as can be affected by embouchure alone, which is often not more than a step, although many musicians, especially in jazz, learn how to perform long range portamentos by gradually exposing finger holes or valves. Listen, for instance, to the two-octave clarinet portamento in the opening of Rhapsody in Blue by George Gershwin. Machine timpani are unusual among percussion instruments in being able to be played whilst being tuned, allowing for portamento effects (often wrongly called "glissando" in this context).

The human voice is easily capable of portamento, however, this is often regarded as a defect in singing style ("missing the note"), rather than a deliberate feature of vocal music (a "vocal swoop").

Portamento can often be generated automatically on synthesizers, where a parameter setting can be used to control the speed at which an oscillator moves to a new pitch. Often this parameter is called glide. Alternatively, portamento effects can be produced manually by a skilled player by the use of the pitch wheel at the side of most synthesizer keyboards. Synth lines with lots of portamento defined West Coast G funk of the mid 1990s, and continue to be a distinctive part of electronic music today, as well as progressive rock music (see Dream Theater's Jordan Rudess.)

In MIDI sequencing, portamento can be generated by using a channel message that creates a sliding effect by smoothly changing pitch from the last note played to the pitch of the currently playing note.

Ornamentation

In 16th century style, portamento is an anticipation figure, occurring on the off-beat of strong beats in the music (e.g. beats 1 and 3 in four-four time). The portamento resolves stepwise, almost always downward. It may occur either once or multiple times in succession.

In multi-voice polyphony, the portamento figure is normally consonant. This embellishment is frequently found ornamenting suspensions, though almost never at the final cadence.

See also

  • A glissando is a similar effect to portamento which moves in discrete steps; for example, dragging a finger over the keys of the piano.
  • Vibrato is a repetitive smooth change in pitch that occurs in rapid cycles.

References

  • Gauldin, Robert (1985). A Practical Approach to Sixteenth-Century Counterpoint. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portamento"