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CONTENTS

  1. Aerobatics
  2. Aerobics
  3. Aeromodelling
  4. Aikido
  5. Air Racing
  6. Amateur wrestling
  7. American football
  8. Archery
  9. Artistic roller skating
  10. Badminton
  11. Ballooning
  12. Baseball
  13. Basketball
  14. Beach soccer
  15. Billiards
  16. Bobsleigh
  17. Bocce
  18. Bodybuilding
  19. Bowling
  20. Canoeing
  21. Cricket
  22. Croquet
  23. Cycling
  24. Cyclo-cross
  25. Darts
  26. Disabled sports
  27. Discus throw
  28. Diving
  29. Drag racing
  30. Eight ball
  31. Enduro
  32. Equestrianism
  33. Fandom
  34. Female sports
  35. Fencing
  36. Figure skating
  37. Football
  38. F1 Powerboat Racing
  39. Freestyle skiing
  40. Gliding
  41. Golf
  42. Grand Prix motorcycle racing
  43. Hammer throw
  44. Hang gliding
  45. High jump
  46. History of sport
  47. Human powered aircraft
  48. Hurdling
  49. Hydroplane racing
  50. Ice climbing
  51. Ice hockey
  52. Javelin throw
  53. Judo
  54. Ju-jitsu
  55. Jumping
  56. Karate
  57. Karting
  58. Kickboxing
  59. Kitesurfing
  60. Kung-fu
  61. List of professional sports leagues
  62. List of sports
  63. List of violent spectator incidents in sports
  64. Long-distance track event
  65. Long jump
  66. Marbles
  67. Middle distance track event
  68. Modern pentathlon
  69. Motocross
  70. Motorcycle sport
  71. Motorsports
  72. Mountain bicycling
  73. Mountaineering
  74. Multi-sport events
  75. Nationalism and sports
  76. National sport
  77. Olympic Games
  78. Parachuting
  79. Paragliding
  80. Parasailing
  81. Pelota
  82. Petanque
  83. Playboating
  84. Pole vault
  85. Polo
  86. Race walking
  87. Relay race
  88. Rink hockey
  89. Road bicycle racing
  90. Rock climbing
  91. Rowing
  92. Rugby football
  93. Rugby league
  94. Rugby Union
  95. Running
  96. Sailing
  97. Scuba diving
  98. Shooting sports
  99. Skateboarding
  100. Ski jumping
  101. Skittles
  102. Slalom canoeing
  103. Snooker
  104. Snowboarding
  105. Sport
  106. Sport in film
  107. Sports acrobatics
  108. Sports attendances
  109. Sports broadcasting
  110. Sports club
  111. Sports coaching
  112. Sports injuries
  113. Sports marketing
  114. Sprints
  115. Steeplechase
  116. Sumo
  117. Surfing
  118. Swimming
  119. Table football
  120. Table tennis
  121. Taekwondo
  122. Tai Chi Chuan
  123. Team handball
  124. Tennis
  125. Toboggan
  126. Track cycling
  127. Triathlon
  128. Triple jump
  129. Tug of war
  130. Underwater rugby
  131. Volleyball
  132. Water polo
  133. Water skiing

  134. Windsurfing

 



SPORTS
This article is from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_powered_aircraft

All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License

Human-powered transport

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Human powered aircraft)

Human-powered transport is transport of person(s) and/or goods powered by human muscle.

The bicycle is the most popular human-powered vehicle
The bicycle is the most popular human-powered vehicle

Like animal-powered transport, human-powered transport has been in existence since time immemorial in the form of walking, running and swimming. However modern technology has led to machines to enhance human-power. Although motorization has reduced the effort in transport, many human-powered machines remain popular for leisure or exercise and for short distance travel. Human-powered transport is often the only (reliable) power source available in underdeveloped or inaccessible regions, and may be considered an ideal form of sustainable transportation.

Contents

  • 1 Available muscle power
  • 2 Types
    • 2.1 Human movement using only one's own body
    • 2.2 Human self-movement using object(s) and sheer muscle power
    • 2.3 Human self-movement using object(s), muscle power and a natural force
    • 2.4 Human transport of others and/or load using object(s) and muscle power
  • 3 Human-powered surface vehicles
  • 4 Human-powered aircraft
  • 5 See also
  • 6 References
  • 7 External links

Available muscle power

The Trikke works simply by shifting your body weight.
The Trikke works simply by shifting your body weight.

The average "in-shape" cyclist can produce about 3 watts/kg for more than an hour (e.g., around 200 watts for a 70 kg rider), with top amateurs producing 5 watts/kg and elite athletes achieving 6 watts/kg for similar lengths of time. Elite track sprinters are able to attain an instantaneous maximum output of around 2,000 watts, or in excess of 25 watts/kg; elite road cyclists may produce 1,600 to 1,700 watts as an instantaneous maximum in their burst to the finish line at the end of a five-hour long road race.

Types

Human movement using only one's own body

  • Walking and running
  • Swimming and diving
  • Climbing as in alpinism and abseiling

Human self-movement using object(s) and sheer muscle power

Three human powered vehicles: the Gossamer Albatross II and two bicycles.
Three human powered vehicles: the Gossamer Albatross II and two bicycles.

A human-powered vehicle (HPV) is a vehicle powered solely by human muscle.

  • Canoeing and kayaking
  • Cross-country skiing
  • Cycling uses a bicycle, unicycle, tricycle, quadricycle, velomobile or similar wheeled vehicle, including collective variatons such as tandem bicycle and side-car
  • Ice skating
  • Kick scooter
  • Man-powered aircraft
  • Roller skating
  • Skateboarding
  • Trikke
  • Rowing

Human self-movement using object(s), muscle power and a natural force

Here the human effort is not used in the actual locomotion, but human intelligence is needed to exploit natural forces.

  • Glider (non-motorized if bungee launch or foot-launch is used)
  • Kitesurfing
  • Sailing
  • Surfing
  • Wind surfing

Human transport of others and/or load using object(s) and muscle power

  • Litters, e.g. Sedan chair
  • Rickshaw
  • Stretcher
  • Cycle rickshaw

Some of the vehicles mentioned in other categories above also exist(ed) in a version with cargo and/or passengers, such as the galley. Various of the above examples have also been models for a motorized variation.

Human-powered surface vehicles

Recumberant Cycles racing in Wonthaggi, Victoria
Recumberant Cycles racing in Wonthaggi, Victoria

The most common and most efficient human-powered vehicle is the bicycle. Variations on the bicycle, the recumbent bicycles, are the fastest human-powered vehicles because they are more aerodynamic than upright bicycles, while having a similar energy transfer efficiency. In 2002, Sam Whittingham pedaled a streamliner (a fully-faired recumbent) for 200 m at 130.36 km/h (81.00 mph) in the Varna Diablo II [1] As of 2005, that run still holds the International Human Powered Vehicle Association's speed record[2]

Olympic Cyclist and IRONMAN triathlon winner, John Howard set a 244.9 km/h (152.2 mph) speed record at the Bonneville Salt Flats near Wendover, Utah on July 20, 1985 while cycling in the wake of a motorized Vesco Streamliner pace-car.[3] The wake of pace-car reduced the aerodynamic drag against which Howard pedalled to almost zero.[4]

In 1969, artists in a small northern California town began the Kinetic sculpture race which has grown to a 42 mile (67.2 km), three-day all terrain, human-powered sculpture race and county wide event. It is held every year in the last weekend in May.

Human-powered aircraft

MIT Daedalus human powered aircraft
MIT Daedalus human powered aircraft

The first officially authenticated take-off and landing of a human-powered aircraft (one capable of powered takeoffs, unlike a glider) was made on 9 November 1961 by Derek Piggott in Southampton University's Man Powered Aircraft (SUMPA). (A claim for a flight by the Pedaliante in March 1937 is disputed because a catapult was used for take-off.) [5] [6]. Perhaps the best-known human-powered plane is the Gossamer Albatross, which flew across the English Channel in 1979. See Category:Human-powered_aircraft.

See also

  • Animal-powered transport
  • Locomotion
  • Sidewalk
  • International Human Powered Vehicle Association
  • Human powered helicopter
image:title_transport.jpg
This article is part
of the Transport series
Modes...
Animal-powered
Aviation
Human-powered
Ship
Rail
Road
See also...
Topics | Portal
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References

  1. ^ Varna Diablo II
  2. ^ International Human Powered Vehicle Association's speed record
  3. ^ Speed record 1
  4. ^ Speed record 2
  5. ^ Pedaliante 1
  6. ^ Pedaliante 2

External links

  • Human Powered Hydrofoils from 1953 to 2005
  • The Kinetic Sculpture race
  • The BARTMOBILE - a Kinetic Sculpture Race Machine
  • Human Powered vehicles and how to build them
  • Decavitator Human-Powered Hydrofoil
  • Human Powered Boats
  • Human Powered River Gyms
  • Human Powered Helicopters
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-powered_transport"

 

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