Cherry
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- For other uses, see Cherry (disambiguation).
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"Cherry tree" redirects here. For articles with similar names, see Cherry tree (disambiguation)
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Prunus avium ripening fruit
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Several, including: Prunus apetala Prunus avium (Wild/Sweet Cherry) Prunus campanulata Prunus canescens Prunus cerasus (Sour Cherry) Prunus concinna Prunus conradinae Prunus dielsiana Prunus emarginata (Bitter Cherry) Prunus fruticosa Prunus incisa Prunus litigiosa Prunus mahaleb (Saint Lucie Cherry) Prunus maximowiczii Prunus nipponica Prunus pensylvanica (Pin Cherry) Prunus pilosiuscula Prunus rufa Prunus sargentii Prunus serotina (Black Cherry) Prunus serrula Prunus serrulata (Japanese Cherry) Prunus speciosa Prunus subhirtella Prunus tomentosa |
| Cherries (sweet,
edible parts) Nutritional value per 100 g |
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| Energy 60 kcal 260 kJ | ||||||||||||
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| Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient database |
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The word cherry refers to both the tree and the fleshy fruit that consists of a single hard stone enclosing a seed, otherwise known as a drupe. The cherry belongs to the family Rosaceae, genus Prunus, along with almonds, peaches, plums, apricots and bird cherries. The subgenus, Cerasus, is distinguished by having the flowers in small corymbs of several together (not singly, nor in racemes), and by having a smooth fruit with only a weak groove or none along one side. The subgenus is native to the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, with two species in North America, three in Europe, and the remainder in Asia. The word "cherry" comes from the French word "cherise," which comes in turn from the Latin words cerasum and Cerasus (the Classical name of the modern city of Giresun in Turkey).
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Cultivation and uses
The cherries selected for eating are derived primarily from two species, the Wild Cherry (P. avium), which has given rise to the Sweet Cherry to which most cherry cultivars belong, and the Sour Cherry or Morello Cherry (P. cerasus), used mainly for cooking and jam making. Both species originate in Europe and western Asia; they do not cross-pollinate each other. The other species, although having edible fruit, are not grown extensively for consumption, except in northern regions where the two main species will not grow. Given the high costs of production, from irrigation, sprays and labour costs, in addition to their proness to damage from rain and hail, the cherry is a relatively expensive fruit. Nonetheless, there is high demand for the fruit.
Major commercial cherry orchards in Europe extend from the Iberian peninsula east to Asia Minor; they are also grown to a smaller extent north to the British Isles and southern Scandinavia. In the United States, most sweet cherries for fresh use are grown in California and Washington. Important sweet cherry cultivars include 'Bing', 'Brooks', 'Kristin', 'Tulare', 'King', and 'Rainier'. Oregon and Michigan provide light-coloured 'Royal Ann' ('Napoleon'; alternately 'Queen Anne') cherries for the maraschino cherry process. Most sour cherries are grown in four states bordering the Great Lakes, in Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin; however, native and non-native cherries grow well in Canada as well. Sour cherries include Nanking and Evans Cherry. Traverse City, Michigan claims to be the "Cherry Capital of the United States", hosting a National Cherry Festival and making the world's largest cherry pie. Likewise in Australia the New South Wales town of Young is famous nationwide as the "Cherry Capital of Australia", and also host The National Cherry Festival which is famous internationally. From this town alone millions of tons of cherries are exported worldwide to Asia, Europe and North America given that, they are produced during the northern hemisphere's winter (off season). Popular varieties include the 'Montmorency', 'Morello', 'North Star', 'Early Richmond', 'Titans', 'Lamberts' and the very sweet and highly demanded 'Ron'.
Cherries have a very short fruiting season. In Australia they usually at their peak around Christmas time, in southern Europe in June, in America in June, and in the UK in mid July, always in the summer season. Annual world production (as of 2003) of domesticated cherries is about 3 million tonnes, of which a third are sour cherries. In many parts of North America they are among the first tree fruits ripe; hence the colloquial term "cherry" to mean "new" or "the first", e.g. "in cherry condition".
As well as the fruit, cherries also have attractive flowers, and they are commonly planted for their flower display in spring; several of the Asian cherries are particularly noted for their flower display. The Japanese sakura in particular are a national symbol celebrated in the yearly Hanami festival. Many flowering cherry cultivars (known as 'ornamental cherries') have the stamens and pistils replaced by additional petals ("double" flowers), so are sterile and do not bear fruit. They are grown purely for their flowers and decorative value. The most common of these sterile cherries is the cultivar 'Kanzan'.
Cherry flowers are sometimes eaten by the larva of the Green Pug moth and the leaves by the larva of other Lepidoptera including Coxcomb Prominent and Yellow-tail.
Cherries have been shown to have several health benefits. Cherries contain anthocyanins, which is the red pigment in berries. Cherry anthocyanins have been shown to reduce pain and inflammation[1]. Anthocyanins are also potent antioxidants. Cherries have also been shown to contain high levels of melatonin[2]. Research has shown that people who have heart attacks have low melatonin levels [3]. Besides being an anti-oxidant, melatonin has also been shown to be important for the function of the immune system. Research also indicates that melatonin suppresses COX-2.
Mythology
In the apocryphal Christian documents known as the "Dead Sea Scrolls", the cherry seed is said to have Satanic powers, and planting it in unholy or "unfit" ground is said to be able to summon the Devil; making him temporarily more powerful on this plane of existence.
References
- ^ Behav. Brain Res. 153(1): 181-188, 12 Aug 2004
- ^ Burkhardt et al., (2002). Detection and Quantification of the Antioxidant Melatonin in Montmorency and Balaton Tart Cherries (Prunus cerasus) J. Agric. Food Chem. 49(10): 4898-4902
- ^ Endocrine 38(3): 145-52, 2005
See also
- Acerola
- Fruit tree forms
- Fruit tree propagation
- Fruit trees
- Marasca cherry
- Pruning fruit trees
- Sakura
- Cherry stoner
Ripe cherries, stacked and on display for sale
on a market in
Barcelona
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Formation of the cherry fruit at beginning of
May (France)
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White Cherry Flowers
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Cherry blossoms
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Washington, D.C. Tidal Basin showing cherry
trees in flower
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Cherry tree flowers
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White Cherry Tree Blossoms
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Cherries (variety Lambert) - watercolor 1894
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Cherries with leaf
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Yamagata cherries
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Cherry tree flowers
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Cherry
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Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Categories: Cherries | Rosaceae | Fruit