Gazetteer

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A gazetteer is a geographical dictionary, an important reference for information about places and place-names (see: toponomy), used in conjunction with an atlas. It typically contains information concerning the geographical makeup of a country, region or continent, the social statistics and physical features, such as mountains, waterways, or roads. Examples of information you would find include the location of places, dimensions of physical features, population, GDP, literacy rate, etc. World gazetteers usually consist of an alphabetical listing of countries, with pertinent statistics for each one, with some gazetteers listing information on individual cities, towns, villages and other settlements of varying sizes.

Short-form gazetteers, often used in conjunction with computer mapping and GIS systems, may simply contain a list of place-names together with their locations in latitude and longitude or other spatial referencing systems (eg. British National Grid reference). Short-form gazetteers appear as a place-name index in the rear of major published atlases. Descriptive gazetteers may include lengthy textual descriptions of the places they contain, including explanation of industries, government, geography, together with historical perspectives, maps and / or photographs. Thematic gazetteers list places or geographical features by theme; for example fishing ports, nuclear power stations or historic buildings. Their common element is that the geographical location is an important attribute of the features listed.

Gazetteer editors gather facts and other information from official government reports, the census, chambers of commerce, together with numerous other sources, and organise these in digest form.

Gazetteers became popular in Britain in the 19th Century, with publishers such as Fullarton, Mackenzie, Chambers and W & A.K. Johnston, many of whom were Scottish, meeting public demand for information on an expanding Empire. This British tradition continues in the electronic age with innovations such as the National Land and Property Gazetteer, the text-based Gazetteer for Scotland, and The Definitive National Address Gazetteer for Scotland known as DNA-Scotland (DNAS).

Gazetteers can be found in reference sections of most libraries as well as on the Web.

Worldwide

Examples of electronic world gazetteers can be found at:

• The World Gazetteer
  • for a given city it gives the country, province, population, coordinates, population rank among all towns within the country
  • for each country it gives a map and table of provinces with area and population, a map of cities, an alphabetical table of cities, and a table of top cities - tables can be sorted by a column of choice
  • for each province it gives an alphabetical table of cities.

• Worldwide Index - Tageo.com – contains 2,700,000 places including US towns
  • for each city it gives the satellite map location, country, province, coordinates (dd,dms), variant names and nearby places.
  • for each country it gives population, currency, area, flag, major mountains, population, main cities and airports.

• Falling Rain Global Gazetteer
  • Contains 2,900,000 towns outside the US (more than the other two gazetteers). For a given country and town it gives coordinates, altitude, weather forecast, and a map showing the position of the town with respect to topography and borders and bodies of water (not with respect to other towns); it also lists towns which are very nearby, within 3 km, with direction.

• ESRI World Gazetteer
  • for a given city it gives a map showing the position of the town with respect to some other cities, borders and bodies of water.

• The Alexandria Digital Library at UCSB
  • http://www.alexandria.ucsb.edu/
  • http://www.alexandria.ucsb.edu/clients/gazetteer/
    • allows searching for any or a specified type of geographical feature within a rectangular area or the whole world, with a name equal to or containing the search term; returns coordinates, country and province with a small scale map.

• The Getty Thesaurus of Geographical names
  • http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/tgn/
  • Similar to the previous one, except that not a rectangular area but a country can be specified, and that no map is produced.

• EarthSearch
  • http://www.earthsearch.net/
  • Similar to the previous two, dictionary search, returns coordinates, satellite image and CIA World factbook country map.

• The Fuzzy Gazetteer (European Commission/JRC Digital Map Archive)
  • http://dma.jrc.it/fuzzyg.asp
  • Searches for place names world-wide and can handle variations in spelling, thereby making the searches more robust.

• The CIA World Factbook
  • https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/
  • Compiled by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, this reference includes country-level data on all countries recognized by the United States. The World Fact Book gives information for each country on geography, people, government, economy, communications, transportation, military, and transnational issues. Cross check with other references as this work contains numerous errors.

• http://www.statoids.com/statoids.html - Hierarchical administrative subdivision (HASC) codes

• Flags of the World, also of subnational entities, with some additional info

Antarctica

• SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica
• Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer
• USGS Geographic Names Information System: Antarctica
• British Antarctic Territory Gazetteer
• Australian Antarctic Data Centre: Antarctic Gazetteer

Asia

• Karnatka Gazetteer
• East Himalayan Gazetteer
  • Compiled by Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, UK. An online gazetteer of 5,000 plant collecting localities in East Nepal, Sikkim, Darjeeling District, Bhutan and the Chumbi Valley (Tibet).

Australia

• Gazetteer of Australia
  • Content from the Committee for Geographic Names in Australasia
  • Hosted by Geoscience Australia

Canada

• Gazetteers of Canada (English-language)
  • http://atlas.gc.ca/site/english/search/advanced_findaplace_search_form?show=link
  • http://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/index_e.php
  • Columbia Gazetteer of North America - Canada from AllRefer.com
  • Nova Scotia Gazetter

New Zealand

• Index to Geographical Place Names & Street Names, hosted by Land Information New Zealand

United Kingdom

• National Land and Property Gazetteer (NLPG)
• The Gazetteer for Scotland
  • Maintained by the University of Edinburgh and the Royal Scottish Geographical Society
• The Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland by Francis Groome (three editions, 1884, 1892 and 1901); earliest edition appears within The Gazetteer for Scotland
• Gazetteer of Scotland by Rev J.M. Wilson (mid-19th C.)
• Comprehensive Gazetteer of England and Wales by J.H.F. Brabner (19th C.)

United States

• HomeTownLocator Gazetteer - US physical and cultural features, Census 2000 data
  • http://Gazetteer.HomeTownLocator.com/
• The U.S. Gazetteer (1990 Census)
  • http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/gazetteer
• American FactFinder
  • American FactFinder
  • American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) Data and Links
  • Censo 2000 Puerto Rico
• Columbia Gazetteer of North America - United States from AllRefer.com
• A Gazetteer of Texas, published 1902, hosted by the Portal to Texas History
• A Gazetteer of Texas, by Henry Gannett, published 1904, hosted by the Portal to Texas History
• Gazetteer of the State of New York
  • by Horatio Gates Spafford, A. M., published by H. C. Southwick, Albany, N.Y. 1813
  • by J. H. French, published by R. Pearsall Smith, Syracuse, N.Y. 1860

Thematic Gazetteers

• Catalogue of Caravanserais/Khans
  • A catalogue of georeferenced caravanserais/khans and other built facilities (bedestans/qaysariyyas, bridges, forts, lighthouses/beacons, markets/bazaars, hospices, etc.) associated with long-distance trade routes across Eurasia.
• ShtetlSeeker and Town Locator search engine of the JewishGen website, based on Where Once We Walked and using the Daitch-Mokotoff Soundex system for approximate spellings of place names
  • Searchable catalogue of Jewish-populated locales in 19th – mid-20th century Central and Eastern Europe; features hotlinked map coordinates.

See also

• List of United Kingdom locations