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WIKIBOOKS
DISPONIBILI
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ARTICLES IN THE BOOK

  1. Allemande
  2. Argentine Tango
  3. Bachata
  4. Ballet
  5. Ballroom dance
  6. Bebop
  7. Beguine
  8. Bellydance
  9. Blues dance
  10. Bolero
  11. Boogie-woogie
  12. Bossa Nova
  13. Bouree
  14. Breakaway
  15. Breakdancing
  16. Cake walk
  17. Can-can
  18. Ceremonial dance
  19. Cha-cha-cha
  20. Chaconne
  21. Charleston
  22. Choreography
  23. Club dance
  24. Competitive dance
  25. Contact improvisation
  26. Contemporary dance
  27. Contra dance
  28. Country dance
  29. Courante
  30. Cumbia
  31. Dance notation
  32. Disco
  33. Fandango
  34. Finnish tango
  35. Flamenco
  36. Folk dance
  37. Formation dance
  38. Foxtrot
  39. Free dance
  40. Funk dance
  41. Galliard
  42. Gavotte
  43. Gigue
  44. Glossary of ballet terms
  45. Glossary of dance moves
  46. Glossary of partner dance terms
  47. Gymnopaedia
  48. Habanera
  49. Hip hop dance
  50. Historical dance
  51. Hully Gully
  52. Hustle
  53. Intercessory dance
  54. Jazz dance
  55. Jig
  56. Jitterbug
  57. Jive
  58. Labanotation
  59. Lambada
  60. Latin dance
  61. Line dance
  62. List of dance style categories
  63. Macarena
  64. Mambo
  65. Mazurka
  66. Merengue
  67. Milonga
  68. Minuet
  69. Modern Dance
  70. Modern Jive
  71. Novelty dance
  72. Participation dance
  73. Partner dance
  74. Paso Doble
  75. Passacaglia
  76. Passepied
  77. Pavane
  78. Performance dance
  79. Polka
  80. Polka-mazurka
  81. Polonaise
  82. Punk dance
  83. Quadrille
  84. Quickstep
  85. Rain Dance
  86. Regency dance
  87. Reggae
  88. Renaissance dance
  89. Rigaudon
  90. Rock and Roll
  91. Rumba
  92. Sabre Dance
  93. Salsa
  94. Samba
  95. Samba ballroom
  96. Sarabande
  97. Seguidilla
  98. Sirtaki
  99. Slow dancing
  100. Social dance
  101. Square dance
  102. Step dancing
  103. Street dance
  104. Strictly Come Dancing
  105. Swing dance
  106. Tap dance
  107. Tarantella
  108. The Watusi
  109. Twist
  110. Twist
  111. Viennese Waltz
  112. Waltz
  113. Western dance
  114. Wheelchair dance sport
  115. Worship dance

 

 
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DANCES
This article is from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet

All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License 

Ballet

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 
For other uses, see Ballet (disambiguation).
Act 4 of Swan Lake: choreography by Petipa and Nureyev, music by Tchaikovsky. The Vienna State Opera Ballet's 2004 production.
Act 4 of Swan Lake: choreography by Petipa and Nureyev, music by Tchaikovsky. The Vienna State Opera Ballet's 2004 production.

Ballet is a specific academic dance form and technique. It is taught in ballet schools according to specific methods. Works of dance choreographed using this technique are called ballets, and usually include dance, mime, acting, and music (usually orchestral and occasionally sung). Ballet is best known for its unique features and techniques such as pointe work and high extensions, as well as its graceful, precise movements and ethereal qualities.

History of ballet

Engraving of a ballet before Henri III and his court, in the gallery of the Louvre. (folio, Paris, Mamert Patisson, 1582.) Click to enlarge.
Engraving of a ballet before Henri III and his court, in the gallery of the Louvre. (folio, Paris, Mamert Patisson, 1582.) Click to enlarge.

Ballet originated in the Renaissance court as a spectacle in Italy[1], but was particularly shaped by the French ballet de cour, which consisted of social dances performed by the nobility in tandem with music, speech, verse, song, pageant, decor and costume[2].

Domenico da Piacenza (1390–1470) is credited with the first use of the term ballo (in De Arte Saltandi et Choreas Ducendi) instead of danza (dance) for his baletti or balli[citation needed]. Some scholars view this as the origin of ballets[citation needed].

The first ballet produced and shown was Balthasar de Beaujoyeulx's Ballet Comique de la Reyne (1581) and was a ballet comique (ballet drama)[dubious ]. In the same year, the publication of Fabritio Caroso's Il Ballarino, a technical manual on court dancing (both performance and social), helped to establish Italy as a major centre of ballet development. (Since Caroso's footwork does not have turnout and does not use the arms much, these dances can be either social or, performance dances. However, many non-ballet scholars do not consider Caroso's dance manual to be a real ballet manual.)

Ballet developed as a separate, performance-focused art form in France during the reign of Louis XIV, who was passionate about dance and determined to reverse a decline in dance standards that began in the 17th century. King Louis XIV established the Académie Royale de la Danse (which is now the Paris Opera Ballet) in 1661[3]; the same year in which the first comédie-ballet, composed by Jean-Baptist Lully, was performed[citation needed].

Jean-Baptist Lully's form consisted of a play in which the scenes were divided by dances. Lully soon branched out into opéra-ballet, and a school to train professional dancers was attached to the Académie Royale de Musique, where instruction was based on noble deportment and manners.

The 18th century was a period of vast advancement in the technical standards of ballet and the period when ballet became a serious dramatic art form on par with the opera. Central to this advance was the seminal work of Jean-Georges Noverre, Lettres sur la danse et les ballets (1760), which focused on developing the ballet d'action, in which the movements of the dancers are designed to express character and assist in the narrative.

Dancers appear delicate and airy when dancing en pointe, a unique feature of the ballet form of dance.
Dancers appear delicate and airy when dancing en pointe, a unique feature of the ballet form of dance.

Reforms were made in ballet composition by composers such as Christoph Gluck. Finally, ballet was divided into three formal techniques sérieux, demi-caractère and comique. Ballet also began to be featured in operas as interludes called divertissements.

The 19th century was a period of great social change, which was reflected in ballet by a shift away from the aristocratic sensibilities that had dominated earlier periods through romantic ballet. Ballerinas such as Marie Taglioni and Fanny Elssler pioneered new techniques such as pointework that rocketed the ballerina into prominence as the ideal stage figure, professional librettists began crafting the stories in ballets, and teachers like Carlo Blasis codified ballet technique in the basic form that is still used today.

After 1850, ballet began to decline in most parts of the western world, but remained vital in Denmark and, most notably, Russia thanks to masters such as August Bournonville, Jules Perrot and Marius Petipa. Russian companies, particularly after World War II engaged in multiple tours all over the world that revitalized ballet in the west and made it a form of entertainment embraced by the general public. Today ballet is one of the most well-preserved dances in the world.

Technique

Ballet, especially classical ballet, puts great emphasis on the method and execution of movement[4]. Young dancers receive a rigorous education in their school's method of dance, which begins when they are young and ends with graduation from high school. Students are required to learn the names, meanings, and precise technique of each movement they learn. Emphasis is put on building strength in the legs and upper body, and on developing flexibility.

Some methods use Ballet Examinations, to grade students on their dance technique. Sometimes, students take written tests on the theory taught in class.

Methods

Ballet techniques are generally grouped by the area in which they originated, such as Russian ballet, French ballet, Italian ballet, and American ballet.

Specific methods are named after the ballet master or mistress who originated them, such as the Vaganova method after Agrippina Vaganova, the Balanchine method after George Balanchine, and the Cecchetti method after Enrico Cecchetti.

Illusion of flight in ballet

This section may contain original research or unverified claims.
Please help Wikipedia by adding references. See the talk page for details.

To perform the more demanding routines, a ballet dancer must appear to defy gravity while working within its constraints. Basic physics and the science of human perception provide insight into how this is accomplished.

For example, during the grand jete, the dancer may appear to hover. Physically, his/her center of mass describes a parabola, as does a ball, when thrown. However, advantage is taken of the limitation in the human ability to calculate center of mass when a projectile changes its configuration in flight. When leaping, the dancer extends the arms and legs and lowers the head. The manoeuvre camouflages the fall and leads the audience to perceive the dancer is floating.

A Pas de Chat (step of the cat) creates a similar illusion. The dancer starts from a plie, then during the ascending phase of the leap, successively lifts and rotates each shin inward. For a moment, the dancer appears suspended in air.

The fall must be performed carefully. The laws of physics decree that momentum must be dissipated but a crash landing would destroy the impression of airiness and likely injure the dancer. Part of the solution is a floor designed to absorb shock. The dancer also bends at the knees and rolls the foot from toe to heel. For artistic as well as safety reasons this technique must be taught by a qualified instructor.

Depending on where the dancer places his or her arms and legs, the dancer can make them look longer or shorter depending on their preference. By placing them farther behind the body it creates the illusion of shorter arms or legs, and by moving them forward, longer.

See also

  • The Sergeyev Collection
  • Ballet styles
    • Classical ballet
    • Contemporary ballet
    • Neoclassical ballet
  • Ballet technique
    • French ballet
    • Russian ballet
      • Vaganova method
    • Balanchine method
    • Cecchetti method
  • En pointe
  • Glossary of ballet
  • Ballet (music)
  • Ballet company
  • Risks of classical ballet

References

Notes

  1. ^ Kirstein (1952), p. 4.
  2. ^ Bland (1976), p. 43.
  3. ^ Bland (1976), p. 49.
  4. ^ Kirstein (1952), pp. 6-7, 21.

Sources

  • Bland, Alexander (1976). A History of Ballet and Dance in the Western World. New York: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0-275-53740-4.
  • Kirstein, Lincoln; Stuart, Muriel (1952). The Classic Ballet. New York: Alfred A Knopf.

External links

  • History of Ballet
  • Electric Ballerina
  • Physics of Dance
  • Beginner's Guide to Ballet

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet"