|
The logical fallacy of false dilemma, which is also known as
fallacy of the excluded middle, false dichotomy, either/or dilemma or
bifurcation, involves a situation in which two alternative points of view
are held to be the only options, when in reality there exist one or more
alternate options which have not been considered.
Examples:
"Mark is late for work. Either his car has broken, or he has
overslept.
If it can be shown that the latter is false, the former must
be true."
This argument is a false dilemma, because there are many
reasons why Mark may have been late for work.
If it were somehow proven that there were no other
possibilities, then the logic would be sound.
But until then, the argument is fallacious.
False dilemmas are also common in politics.
They are often hidden in (rhetorical) questions, and then
become akin to the fallacy of many questions, as in:
• Will you re-elect the ruling party, or face nuclear
holocaust?
• Are you with us, or with the forces of evil?
...or they can be done as statements of fact:
• My opponent voted against the public schools spending bill.
He must think educating our children is not important.
• America - love it or leave it.
• You're either with us, or with the terrorists.
In legal challenges in the context of the creation-evolution
controversy in the United States, the dichotomy between creationism and the
theory of evolution has been noted as another instance of false dilemma and
termed a contrived dualism.
See, for example, the 2005 opinion in Kitzmiller v. Dover
Area School District.
The false dilemma fallacy refers to misuse of the or
operator.
For another misuse of "or", see the false choice fallacy.
For misuse of the and operator, see package deal
fallacy.
A false dilemma may not necessarily be limited to two
choices;
it may involve three possibilities, in which case it is known
as a trifurcation, or more, in which case the dilemma may be more the result
of accidental omission than deliberate intent. |