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Our volunteers - PARALLEL TEXTS
commercial broadcasting
Original text taken from/Testo originale
tratto da:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting
Translated by/Traduzione di Fernando Ianni
Edited by/Supervisione di: English Gratis
This free Anglo-Italian resource is part of
the extraordinary work of our team of linguistic volunteers. If you know Italian
well and are interested in joining our volunteer program, write to
robertocasiraghi@iol.it
Questo testo è frutto dello straordinario progetto di volontariato
linguistico di cui si parla nella nostra homepage. Se conosci bene l'inglese e
ti interessa partecipare al nostro progetto, scrivi a
robertocasiraghi@iol.it
COPYRIGHT: The content of this page is
licensed according to the GNU Free Documentation License, see
http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html • Il presente articolo è autorizzato ai
sensi della GNU Free Documentation License, vedi:
http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html
LA VERSIONE PER READSPEAKER
SI TROVA A FINE PAGINA
[Componente di FrontPage \x22Include\x22]
|
1 |
Commercial
broadcasting is the practice of broadcasting for profit. |
La trasmissione radiotelevisiva a
carattere commerciale è la
pratica di effettuare trasmissioni radiotelevisive per profitto. |
|
2 |
This is
normally achieved by interrupting normal programming to air advertisements,
also commonly called "commercials" in this context. |
Normalmente la cosa si realizza
interrompendo la programmazione normale per mandare in onda degli annunci,
che di solito in questo settore vengono chiamati anche "spot" . |
|
3 |
This is the
dominant type of broadcasting in the United States and a handful of other
countries such as most of Latin America, but public broadcasting where
programming is largely funded by government or public donations is more
common elsewhere. |
Questa è la tipologia dominante di
trasmissione negli Stati Uniti e in una manciata di altri paesi come nella
maggior parte dell'America Latina, mentre altrove è più frequente la trasmissione
radiotelevisiva a carattere pubblico, in cui la
programmazione è finanziata in modo predominante dal governo o da donazioni pubbliche. |
|
4 |
In an hour of
broadcast time on a commercial broadcast outlet, typically ten to twenty
minutes are devoted to advertising. |
In un'ora di trasmissione di un'emittente commerciale, solitamente sono dedicati alla pubblicità dai 10 ai
20 minuti. |
|
5 |
Advertisers pay
a certain amount of money to air their commercials, usually based upon the
popularity or ratings of a station or network. |
Gli inserzionisti, per mandare in onda i loro
spot, pagano un certo ammontare, solitamente proporzionato alla popolarità o
rating di una stazione o
rete radiotelevisiva. |
|
6 |
This
effectively makes commercial broadcasters more answerable to advertisers
than the public, which is a major criticism of commercial radio and
television. |
Ciò ha l'effetto di rendere le
emittenti commerciali più dipendenti dagli inserzionisti che dal
pubblico, il che è un forte motivo di critica nei confronti della radio e
della televisione
commerciale. |
|
7 |
Programming on
commercial stations is often more sensationalistic —particularly during
ratings periods such as sweeps in the U.S. |
La programmazione delle stazioni
commerciali è spesso più orientata al sensazionalismo - specialmente nei
periodi in cui vengono rilevati gli ascolti, come per esempio durante gli sweeps statunitensi.
NOTA: gli sweep
sono dei periodi, che ricorrono 4 volte all'anno negli Stati Uniti, in cui
si rilevano gli ascolti e vengono adeguate le tariffe pubblicitarie dei
media radiotelevisivi. È il periodo in cui, ovviamente, le TV fanno di tutto
per presentare i programmi migliori e, spesso, quelli a carattere più
sensazionalistico. |
|
8 |
Commercial
broadcasting also has considerable overlap with pay services such as cable
television, cable radio, satellite television and satellite radio; |
Inoltre, la trasmissione commerciale
si sovrappone in modo notevole con i servizi a pagamento come la
televisione via cavo, radio via cavo, televisione satellitare e radio
satellitare; |
|
9 |
though such
services are generally partially or wholly paid for by local subscribers,
much of the programming, particularly on cable television, is produced by
companies operating in much the same manner as commercial broadcasters, and
both they and often the local cable provider will sell commercial time in
the same manner. |
benché in linea di massima questi servizi siano
parzialmente o interamente finanziati da abbonati locali, buona parte della
programmazione, specie nella televisione via
cavo, è prodotta da aziende che operano in maniera analoga alle
emittenti commerciali, e sia loro che, sovente, i fornitori locali di TV
via cavo avranno la tendenza a vendere spazi pubblicitari nello stesso modo. |
|
10 |
There does
exist, however, completely advertisement-free commercial television and
radio; |
Esistono, comunque, televisioni e
radio commerciali completamente prive di annunci pubblicitari; |
|
11 |
premium cable
services such as HBO and Showtime generally operate solely on subscriber
fees with no need to sell ad space, as do the parts of the two major
satellite radio systems that are produced in-house (mostly music material). |
i servizi di TV via cavo di tipo
premium, come HBO e Showtime, generalmente operano solo con gli introiti
degli abbonamenti senza bisogno di dover vendere spazi pubblicitari, così come
avviene anche nel caso di quella parte della programmazione dei
due maggiori sistemi radio satellitari che viene realizzata in casa
(per lo più materiale musicale).
NOTA: la parola
premium indica un servizio a pagamento ma di qualità superiore alla
media |
|
12 |
Commercial
broadcasting (especially over-the-air) is often controversial for a great
many reasons. |
Le trasmissioni a carattere commerciale
(specialmente via etere) sono spesso controverse per un gran numero di
motivi. |
|
13 |
Chief among
them is a perceived* lack of quality and risk in the programming (to which
more conservative elements respond that it is too risque much of the time),
an excessively high ratio of advertising to program time (especially on
children's television), and a perceived failure to serve the local interest
due to media consolidation, and in fact many of the most critically
acclaimed television shows of the last decade have been on uncensored,
non-advertising premium cable television. |
Il principale dei quali è una
mancanza di qualità e di voglia di rischiare nella programmazione
(critica a cui gli
elementi più conservatori rispondono che è già fin troppo
arrischiata la maggior parte
delle volte), un tasso eccessivamente elevato di pubblicità in rapporto al
tempo riservato ai programmi (specialmente nella TV per ragazzi), e un'incapacità
di servire gli interessi della popolazione locale a causa della
concentrazione dei mass media. Non a caso molti dei programmi televisivi più
acclamati da parte della critica nell'ultima decade sono stati
trasmessi su TV via cavo a pagamento non soggette a censura ed esenti da
pubblicità.
*la parola
"perceived" significa "che viene percepita, che viene avvertita". In
italiano possiamo evitare di tradurla in quanto ridondante. |
|
14 |
Commercial
radio in particular is often attacked for perceived homogeneity in
programming, covert politicized censorship of content, and a desire to cut
costs at the expense of giving the station an identifiable personality. |
La radio commerciale è spesso
attaccata per quella che si avverte essere
un'eccessiva omogeneità nella programmazione, un'occulta censura di
carattere politico nei contenuti, e una volontà di tagliare i costi a spese
dell'esigenza di dare alla stazione radio una
sua personalità identificabile. |
|
15 |
Politics is a
major force in media criticism, with an ongoing battle (especially in the
United States) as to what moral standards, if any, are to be applied to the
airwaves. |
La politica è un fattore di grande
importanza
nella critica ai mass media, e c'è una battaglia in corso (specialmente negli
Stati Uniti) relativamente a quali valori morali, sempre che abbia senso
parlarne, debbano essere applicati alle onde radio. |
|
16 |
In much of the
world, analog broadcasting is giving way to digital, a process effectively
complete some time ago for many satellite television providers and some
cable systems. |
In molte parti del mondo, la
trasmissione analogica sta cedendo il passo alla trasmissione digitale, un processo
ormai realizzato già da tempo per molti operatori della televisione satellitare e
per alcuni operatori della televisione via cavo. |
|
17 |
Standards such
as DVB and ATSC promise to provide vastly enhanced picture quality and
bandwidth usage, allowing the practical use of HDTV (which did not catch on
anywhere until the arrival of digital technology) and multiple channels from
the same broadcaster. |
Standard come DVB e ATSC
promettono di fornire una qualità di immagine e uno sfruttamento di banda
enormemente incrementate, il che consentirà l'utilizzo concreto della
televisione ad alta definizione (che non si è affermata da
nessuna parte prima dell'arrivo delle tecnologie digitali) e di canali multipli
offerti da una stessa emittente. |
|
18 |
The same
transition is happening with radio transmissions but is unlikely to be
complete for some time if ever; |
La stessa transizione sta
avvenendo anche con le trasmissioni radio ma è improbabile che sia completata
entro breve tempo, se mai lo sarà; |
|
19 |
Digital Audio
Broadcasting, HD Radio, and Digital Radio Mondiale are all rising formats
for radio broadcasts. |
Digital Audio Broadcasting, HD
Radio, e Digital Radio Mondiale sono tutti dei formats in crescita per le
trasmissioni radio. |
|
20 |
Perhaps the
best known commercial broadcasters are the venerable ABC, CBS, Fox and NBC
television networks, as well as radio giant Clear Channel Communications,
based in the United States. |
Forse le emittenti commerciali meglio conosciute
sono la veneranda ABC, la CBS, i network televisivi Fox e NBC, e anche il
gigante della radio, Clear Channel Communications, attivi negli Stati
Uniti. |
|
21 |
Major US
commercial cable operators include Comcast, Adelphia, Time Warner Cable, and
Cox Communications; |
I maggiori operatori commerciali
via cavo americani includono Comcast, Adelphia, Time Warner Cable, e Cox
Communications; |
|
22 |
satellite
services include DirecTV, Dish Network, the UK's BSkyB, and the radio
services Sirius, WorldSpace, and XM. |
i servizi satellitari includono
invece DirectTV, Dish Network, la britannica Sky e
i servizi radio
Sirius, WorldSpace, e XM. |
VERSION FOR READSPEAKER (UNINTERRUPTED TEXT)
|
Commercial
broadcasting is the practice of broadcasting for profit.
This is
normally achieved by interrupting normal programming to air advertisements,
also commonly called "commercials" in this context.
This is the
dominant type of broadcasting in the United States and a handful of other
countries such as most of Latin America, but public broadcasting where
programming is largely funded by government or public donations is more
common elsewhere.
In an hour of
broadcast time on a commercial broadcast outlet, typically ten to twenty
minutes are devoted to advertising.
Advertisers pay
a certain amount of money to air their commercials, usually based upon the
popularity or ratings of a station or network.
This
effectively makes commercial broadcasters more answerable to advertisers
than the public, which is a major criticism of commercial radio and
television. Programming on
commercial stations is often more sensationalistic —particularly during
ratings periods such as sweeps in the U.S.
Commercial
broadcasting also has considerable overlap with pay services such as cable
television, cable radio, satellite television and satellite radio;
though such
services are generally partially or wholly paid for by local subscribers,
much of the programming, particularly on cable television, is produced by
companies operating in much the same manner as commercial broadcasters, and
both they and often the local cable provider will sell commercial time in
the same manner.
There does
exist, however, completely advertisement-free commercial television and
radio; premium cable
services such as HBO and Showtime generally operate solely on subscriber
fees with no need to sell ad space, as do the parts of the two major
satellite radio systems that are produced in-house (mostly music material).
Commercial
broadcasting (especially over-the-air) is often controversial for a great
many reasons.
Chief among
them is a perceived* lack of quality and risk in the programming (to which
more conservative elements respond that it is too risque much of the time),
an excessively high ratio of advertising to program time (especially on
children's television), and a perceived failure to serve the local interest
due to media consolidation, and in fact many of the most critically
acclaimed television shows of the last decade have been on uncensored,
non-advertising premium cable television.
Commercial
radio in particular is often attacked for perceived homogeneity in
programming, covert politicized censorship of content, and a desire to cut
costs at the expense of giving the station an identifiable personality.
Politics is a
major force in media criticism, with an ongoing battle (especially in the
United States) as to what moral standards, if any, are to be applied to the
airwaves. In much of the
world, analog broadcasting is giving way to digital, a process effectively
complete some time ago for many satellite television providers and some
cable systems.
Standards such
as DVB and ATSC promise to provide vastly enhanced picture quality and
bandwidth usage, allowing the practical use of HDTV (which did not catch on
anywhere until the arrival of digital technology) and multiple channels from
the same broadcaster.
The same
transition is happening with radio transmissions but is unlikely to be
complete for some time if ever;
Digital Audio
Broadcasting, HD Radio, and Digital Radio Mondiale are all rising formats
for radio broadcasts.
Perhaps the
best known commercial broadcasters are the venerable ABC, CBS, Fox and NBC
television networks, as well as radio giant Clear Channel Communications,
based in the United States.
Major US
commercial cable operators include Comcast, Adelphia, Time Warner Cable, and
Cox Communications;
satellite
services include DirecTV, Dish Network, the UK's BSkyB, and the radio
services Sirius, WorldSpace, and XM. |
|
|