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Cell metabolism is the process (or really the sum of many ongoing individual processes) by which living cells process nutrient molecules and maintain a living state.

Il metabolismo cellulare è il processo (o meglio la somma di più processi individuali in atto) attraverso cui le cellule viventi trasformano le molecole di nutrienti per mantenersi in vita.

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Metabolism has two distinct divisions:

Il metabolismo si distingue in due fasi: 

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anabolism, in which a cell uses energy and reducing power to construct complex molecules and perform other life functions such as creating cellular structure;

l’anabolismo, in cui la cellula utilizza energia e potere di riduzione per costruire molecole complesse e svolgere altre funzioni vitali, come la costruzione della struttura cellulare; 

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and catabolism, in which a cell breaks down complex molecules to yield energy and reducing power.

e il catabolismo, in cui la cellula scinde le molecole complesse per produrre energia e potere di riduzione. 

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Cell metabolism involves extremely complex sequences of controlled chemical reactions called metabolic pathways.

Il metabolismo cellulare comporta sequenze molto complesse di reazioni chimiche controllate chiamate vie metaboliche. 

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Anabolism

Anabolismo 

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Anabolism is a constructive metabolic process whereby energy is consumed to synthesize or combine simpler substances, such as amino acids, into more complex organic compounds, such as enzymes and nucleic acids.

L’anabolismo è il processo metabolico costruttivo durante il quale l’energia viene consumata per sintetizzare o combinare sostanze più semplici, come gli amminoacidi, in composti organici più complessi, come gli enzimi e gli acidi nucleici. 

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Catabolism

Catabolismo 

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Catabolism is a type of metabolic process occurring in living cells by which complex molecules are broken down to produce energy and reducing power.

Il catabolismo è un tipo di processo metabolico che si verifica nelle cellule viventi quando le molecole complesse vengono scisse per produrre energia e potere di riduzione. 

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On balance, catabolic reactions are normally exothermic.

In una situazione di equilibrio, le reazioni cataboliche sono normalmente esotermiche. 

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Carbohydrate catabolism

Catabolismo dei carboidrati 

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Carbohydrate catabolism is the breakdown of carbohydrates into smaller units.

Il catabolismo dei carboidrati consiste nella scissione dei carboidrati in unità più piccole. 

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The empirical formula for carbohydrates, like that of their monomer counterparts, is CX(H2YOY).

La formula empirica dei carboidrati, al pari di quella dei monomeri omologhi, è CX (H2YOY). 

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Carbohydrates literally undergo combustion to retrieve the large amounts of energy in their bonds.

I carboidrati subiscono letteralmente una combustione per recuperare la grande quantità di energia contenuta nei loro legami. 

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Read more about mitochondria to find out more about the reaction and how its energy is secured in ATP.

Vedi alla voce “mitocondrio” per ulteriori informazioni riguardo alla reazione e al modo in cui l’energia viene fissata sotto forma di ATP. 

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Fat catabolism

Catabolismo dei grassi 

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Fat catabolism, also known as lipid catabolism, is the process of lipids or phospholipids being broken down by lipases.

Il catabolismo dei grassi, o catabolismo dei lipidi, è il processo in cui lipidi e fosfolipidi vengono scissi tramite l'enzima lipasi. 

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The opposite of fat catabolism is fat anabolism, involving the storage of energy, and the building of membranes.

Il processo contrario al catabolismo dei grassi è l’anabolismo dei grassi, che riguarda l’immagazzinamento dell’energia e la costruzione delle membrane. 

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Protein catabolism

Catabolismo delle proteine 

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Protein catabolism is the breakdown of proteins into amino acids and simple derivative compounds, for transport into the cell through the plasma membrane and ultimately for the polymerisation into new proteins via the use of ribonucleic acids (RNA) and ribosomes.

Il catabolismo delle proteine è la scissione delle proteine in amminoacidi e in composti derivati semplici, trasportati nella cellula attraverso la membrana plasmatica e infine sottoposti a polimerizzazione in nuove proteine tramite l’impiego di acido ribonucleico (RNA) e ribosomi. 

Cell metabolism is the process (or really the sum of many ongoing individual processes) by which living cells process nutrient molecules and maintain a living state.

Metabolism has two distinct divisions:

anabolism, in which a cell uses energy and reducing power to construct complex molecules and perform other life functions such as creating cellular structure;

and catabolism, in which a cell breaks down complex molecules to yield energy and reducing power.

Cell metabolism involves extremely complex sequences of controlled chemical reactions called metabolic pathways.

Anabolism

Anabolism is a constructive metabolic process whereby energy is consumed to synthesize or combine simpler substances, such as amino acids, into more complex organic compounds, such as enzymes and nucleic acids.

Catabolism

Catabolism is a type of metabolic process occurring in living cells by which complex molecules are broken down to produce energy and reducing power.

On balance, catabolic reactions are normally exothermic.

Carbohydrate catabolism

Carbohydrate catabolism is the breakdown of carbohydrates into smaller units.

The empirical formula for carbohydrates, like that of their monomer counterparts, is CX(H2YOY).

Carbohydrates literally undergo combustion to retrieve the large amounts of energy in their bonds.

Read more about mitochondria to find out more about the reaction and how its energy is secured in ATP.

Fat catabolism

Fat catabolism, also known as lipid catabolism, is the process of lipids or phospholipids being broken down by lipases.

The opposite of fat catabolism is fat anabolism, involving the storage of energy, and the building of membranes.

Protein catabolism

Protein catabolism is the breakdown of proteins into amino acids and simple derivative compounds, for transport into the cell through the plasma membrane and ultimately for the polymerisation into new proteins via the use of ribonucleic acids (RNA) and ribosomes.